Classic Airlines and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classic Airlines and Marketing - Essay Example rs in this day and age are more empowered by the wonders of the Internet and other new technologies that give them the information that they need with just a click of a button, marketing strategies need to adapt to change as quickly and as appropriately as possible. It should be borne in mind, however, that at the core of every product innovation or fresh marketing approach is the need to address the customers’ needs. Seeing them as mere statistics won’t do the trick. More than anything else, the customers are human beings, and they always appreciate the high regard in which companies hold their needs. Their needs change from time to time, and often without warning. Thus, customization of products and services has become pronounced today more than ever. And if this end were to be achieved, the company needs to invest on more interaction with the customer. It is the best way to establish a â€Å"relationship,† not just a â€Å"transaction.† This investment ultimately reaps an â€Å"enduring relationship† of mutually satisfied needs. The case of Classic Airlines tells us that the challenges that it faces are the very same challenges that most companies are meeting today. Its mind-set is likewise commonplace. Most companies think that cutting on operating cost is the answer to their woes. However, a closer look at this would reveal that simply cutting down costs does not address more serious issues, such as customer loyalty and satisfaction. Obviously, no company is spared from the financial crisis. But this should not stop the company from delivering quality services to its customers, before and after the fact of selling. Companies should not forget that marketing does not end the moment the product or service is sold. Relationship marketing tells us that the company should aim to develop an enduring relationship. Thus, while it is important to know what products or services the client wants, it is just as essential to know what they think of the product after

A Strategy To Reach The Unchurced Essay Example for Free

A Strategy To Reach The Unchurced Essay Jesus commanded us to go and tell. The passage in Matthew 10 gives us words of conviction, instruction, preparation and finally expectation. We need to absorb this and as we do I believe that it will become clear what we are to do. And ways to reach the unchurch is making strategy. There are many church now answering the call to reach the Unchurch but to how to reach it we will find in the next paragraph. Giving Time The strategy of Sunset Presbyterian Church take the time needed to keep their circle of unchurch friends. Feil states, â€Å"I think everyone on our pastoral staff places a high priority on giving our people the time and the freedom to maintain their connections with their workplace, their marketplace, with nonchurched neighbors and friends. That is a high priority for us. They have to keep that circle of influence, that network of friends. We try to communicate clearly that we want to partner with them in reaching those people for Christ. And the primary way we want to partner with them is make our church a place where those people can come. Not just for some special evangelistic event but any Sunday and to any program or ministry. † (Feil, 2001). Start New Ministry The American Missionary Fellowship(2006) develop new ministries in every community possible using our new evangelistic tool, the Learning Community. A Learning Community is an evangelistic effort to bring together unchurched people with common interests in order to study the Bible and to equip lay teachers/leaders. Start New Bible Study Groups The LifeWay Church Resources ( 2005) Churches will be able to accommodate new people and the return of non-attending members primarily by enlarging the tent (Isaiah 54:2-3) of its open groups strategy through the expansion of its Sunday School ministry. These groups and classes usually are designed to target persons who ordinarily do not participate in church; many of these new units become the entry point for unchurched persons into the church and a relationship with Jesus Christ. This training will also help focus on the need and opportunities to start new churches in locations where people are not being reached by existing churches. Reaching people in crisis One factor is certain about the leaders of these churches that reach the unchurched: they are highly creative in their attempts to reach the unchurched. A Baptist church in West Virginia has a hospital ministry to new mothers, an attempt to reach these young families in their positive crisis. A West Coast Evangelical Free Church has reached more unchurched through its crisis pregnancy ministry than any another approach. And a Wesleyan church in the Midwest offers its beautiful sanctuary to prospective newlyweds at a very modest fee but only if they agree to four sessions of premarital counseling. The lesson is clear: the unchurched are more likely to seek a church at a point of crisis. Innovative churches have discovered ways to have a presence in these crisis moments. ( Rainer,Thom S. ) Welcoming Atmosphere Creating a welcoming atmosphere by encouraging everyone, including the pastoral staff, to wear â€Å"stick on† name tags. They also pass a â€Å"Friendship Register† down the aisle each week, allowing members and visitors to sign in. Visitors usually sign-in this way, first, in order to let themselves be known. Visitors are also invited to identify themselves in the public worship services by simply raising their hand so that the ushers can give them a tape and brochure. â€Å"Our regular people know that the reason we are asking people to raise their hands is so they can identify them,† explains Pastor Feil. â€Å"I have had many first time visitors tell me that when they raised their hand three or four people around them said ‘hello, I’m so and so, who are you and welcome, we’re glad you are here, can I answer any questions. ’ So, they have been greeted as a result of that. That has worked for us. † (Barbara Feil. 2001). Reaching the unchurched through quality childcare Parents today want the best for their children, said an independent Baptist pastor from Louisiana. It is amazing how much they care for the spiritual well-being of their children but neglect themselves in this area, he said. We decided to allocate heavy dollar resources into updating our preschool and childrens wing. Boy, has it paid off! Were now reaching many of these young families who have no church background, he exclaimed. ( Rainer,Thom S. ) Reaching through Shepherding and Discipleship Throughout all the ministries the focus is on shepherding and discipleship—the whole culture is aimed at this process. Feil states, â€Å"From the time someone becomes a believer here at Sunset the rest of what we do is aimed at that, to help them grow in their faith. That’s what we are concerned about, that everyone grows in his or her faith. So the purpose of every ministry, across the board, is to help disciple people. † (Barbara Feil. 2001). Focus Evangelistic Efforts on Children and Youth The Central Church dont neglect the adults, said a nondenominational church pastor from Minnesota, but we have seven specific ministries a year designed to reach teens and children. More than one-half of the pastors indicated that their churches had specific strategies to reach children and youth, the largest unchurched group in America. ( Rainer,Thom S. )

Effect of Alpha-galactosidase on Digestive System

Effect of Alpha-galactosidase on Digestive System Janaaron Aquino    The Effect of the Enzyme, Alpha-galactosidase inside Beano, on the Digestive System Problem To use the alpha-galactosidase enzyme in Beano to examine the effect of the enzyme in the digestive system at different temperatures and to find the glucose concentration at those temperatures which represents the efficiency of the enzyme under the various temperatures. If different temperatures of Beano solution are tested, then the temperatures closest to human body temperature will extract more glucose than other temperatures because of the fact that the human body has adapted to operate at an optimum temperature. Background The human body has several complex systems that fulfill essential goals the human needs to survive. Each system has a different procedure for the body and works individually or with other systems to perform that action. One of the human body systems is the digestive system. There are several steps that come into play when discussing the system, but in short, the  digestive system turns the food that humans eat into energy. In the digestive system, parts and organs include salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Digestion is the breakdown of large food particles into smaller molecules that are easy to absorb into the bloodstream (Gureco, 2015).This experiment focuses solely on the transfer of glucose from food consumed into the body. What does this food do for the human body? The path of the food being digested is as followed. When food enters the mouth saliva helps break it down. It goes down the esop hagus and enters the stomach where it is broken down further by acid in order to be able to extract nutrients from the food. It enters the small intestine where the nutrients are absorbed and goes through the large intestine where water is absorbed in order to create a stool (defecation) so that it can exit the body via the anus. Digestion occurs in which the rate and extent of sugar release from available carbohydrates, by simulating physiological processes occurring in the mouth, stomach and small intestine (Woolnough, 2010). The focal point of this experiment is to examine the glucose concentration with the help of alpha-galactosidase which all takes place in the path of digestion. To start off, the food (or food solution) used in this experiment was a solution of broken down refried beans. The enzyme Beano was used specifically for this experiment because, as the name suggests, Beano is made specifically for digestive assistance with beans. Beans have a tendency to cause stress in the human digestive system. The Beano was used with the refried beans to digest the beans easily. This allows an easy pathway for the glucose to be broken down and for the human body to absorb the glucose. According to a journal abstract written by RJ Levin, The glucose, galactose, and fructose produced are absorbed across the e nterocytes [cell of the intestine] of the upper half of the villus [increase of surface area in order to absorb more nutrients] (Levin, 1994) In more specific terms, foods are carbohydrates called oligosaccharides. In the case of this experiment, refried beans were used as the oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides are groups of two to ten monosaccharides bonded together to form the carbohydrate. When entering the body, the enzyme called salivary amylase (most commonly known as human saliva) starts the chemical process of digestion of food. The enzyme breaks down the oligosaccharide carbohydrate polymers into monomers called monosaccharides. When oligosaccharides are broken down by digestion, a monomer called monosaccharides are produced. This is because multiple saccharide polymers are broken down into a simple sugar. Included in a humans digestive system are living microbes in the large intestine that carry out the process of breaking down the carbohydrates. These microbes in human in testines are necessary because the body needs to break down the food into monosaccharides to obtain the nutrients needed for processes such as cell repair, growth, and most importantly energy. The breaking down of the oligosaccharides are essential because The biological roles of oligosaccharides appear to span the spectrum from those that are trivial, to those that are crucial for the development, growth, function or survival of an organism (Varki, 1993). However, the refried beans mentioned have starch in which these microbes produce an uncomfortable and bloated feeling like the aforementioned stress that beans cause. Although the following experiment was done on a different species an abstract suggests that mammals that consume soybeans may suffer from a gastrointestinal hypersensitive reactions involving major disturbances in digestive functions (Sissons, 1982). The use of Beano in this experiment examines the effect of the alpha-galactosidase at varying temperatures as the inde pendent variable which assists the digestion of refried beans. The alpha-galactosidase is used to pinpoint the temperature in which glucose concentration is high or low as the dependent variable. Data  and  Observations      Ã‚   Figure Results  and  Discussion The graph illustrates several temperatures in which the solution of Beano and refried beans were tested. Similarities and differences can be observed across multiple of the Beano solution mixtures at the varying temperatures. Some of the lines that represent each temperature stand out more than others. It can clearly be seen that relatively high temperatures of the refried bean solution and Beano cannot extract much glucose from the solution itself. High temperatures that did not have a high glucose concentration included temperatures that ranged from 60oC to 90oC whose maximum glucose concentration did not reach over 0.50%. This outcome can also be predicted for any temperature higher than those experimented with because if 90oC did not extract any glucose, anything higher will do the same. The same outcome can be seen with the lesser temperature of 30oC, in which the concentration of glucose did not reach over 0.50% in the course of 25 minutes. Relatively high and low temperatures of refried bean and Beano solution extracted glucose at a lower rate or did not extract any glucose at all. In comparison, two temperatures of the solution stood out more than the others. The Beano solution skyrocketed at temperatures of 40oC and 50oC. It is clear that these two temperatures were different from the others. The reason behind it? Well the optimum temperature for digestion ranges from 37oC and 44oC. Relatively close to the aforementioned temperatures of the solution, is it not? This is because body temperature is approximately 37oC and this is the temperature in which the body functions best. Temperature gets too hot? Humans get a fever. Temperature gets too low? Humans start to internally develop hypothermia. Both indicate that the body is not fully functional. The temperature of 37oC is closer to 40oC than it is to 50oC. Figure 1 indicates that the Beano solution at 40oC had a higher slope which exemplifies the fact that digestion works best when near the body temperature of approximately 37oC. According to a news website, The body has sensors with memory, or its linked to the brain, and immediately it sense the food in the stomach has temperatures and pH outside the optimum range, it uses the energy and acids stored in the body to regulate the right conditions for the optimum digestion. This further exemplifies why the Beano solution of 40oC and 50oC worked best compared to the other five temperatures. The experiment proves the efficiency and effectivity of alpha-galactosidase inside Beano impacts the rate of glucose concentration of refried bean solution at varying temperatures of 30oC to 90oC. Analysis Oligosaccharides are groups of two to ten monosaccharides bonded together to form a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are found in all foods that a human consumes. They consist of the sugars, starches, and fibers found in food and are made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. When oligosaccharides are broken down by digestion, a monomer called monosaccharides are produced. This is because multiple saccharide polymers are broken down into a simple sugar (monosaccharide). The enzyme called salivary amylase breaks down these carbohydrate polymers called oligosaccharides into monomers. Salivary amylase, which is also known as saliva, breaks down starch when chewing food. As food is consumed, saliva inside the mouth starts the process of digestion by breaking down the food as humans chew. This allows the food to be broken down for glucose extraction and also breaking down the food for the esophagus. If food were not to be chewed, it cannot enter the esophagus and if it does, it will be difficult to swallow which can lead to respiratory injuries. In the human body, intestines have microbes that fulfill certain needs for the digestive system. These microbes in human intestines are necessary because the body needs to break down the food into monosaccharides to obtain the nutrients needed for processes such as cell repair, growth, and most importantly energy. In all, digestion is essentially important because of the advantages it gives to us in the form of energy. Without the energy produced from consuming, a human body cannot be fully functional. In the experiment, the enzyme, Beano, worked most efficiently at a temperature of about  40oC. As mentioned in discussion, this is because the optimum temperature for human digestion is approximately 37oC. That temperature is linked to the brain as a the human body temperature in which the human body operates at its best. Beano working most efficiently at 40oC can be explained because that temperature is approximately body temperature. Other varying  temperatures are not quite as efficient as body temperature because the human body breaks down glucose at its best. On the contrary, Beano worked least efficiently on the refried beans at an approximate temperature of 90oC. The reason behind this is that 90oC is way too hot for digestive organs to obtain nutrients. In turn, glucose cannot be absorbed which explains why the line in Figure 1 which represents 90cC did not increase throughout the course of the entire twenty-five minutes. Alpha-galactosidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that is inside Beano extract to make it work. The enzymes in Beano helps with digestion, bloating, and reducing gas by increasing the rate of digestion. In the experiment, Beano was mixed with refried beans to increase the rate of glucose extraction from the beans. Refried beans were used because the starch inside the beans is difficult to digest which causes troubles such as methane gas (farting). The Beano was used with the refried beans to digest the beans easily. Another reason why the refried beans were used is because the enzyme, Beano, was created specifically for beans as beans are foods that are typically difficult to digest. When experimenting with different independent variables, it is better to have all lines on the same graph. Why? Well the graph of Figure 1 was used to compare different glucose concentration at different temperatures. Mentioned several times before, about 40 degrees Celsius worked best because it is body temperature. In this case, the line that represented 40oC can be compared to the other varying temperatures because of the fact that all of the lines were put on the same graph. In a lab very similar to the Beano experiment, peas were used instead of refried beans. The lab had the same concept and measured glucose concentration over time. Instead of using different temperatures for each line, the peas were differentiated by 25% pea extract solution,  50% pea extract solution, and 100% pea extract solution. All three solutions were tested at a temperature of 25oC. Each line increases as opposed to the lines of Figure 1 because it does not include temperature and it is different solutions being digested over time. It can be concluded that the 100% solution was digested the best. References Varki,A. (1993). Biologicalrolesof oligosaccharides:allof thetheoriesarecorrect[Abstract]. GlycoBiology.RetrievedDecember20, 2016, from http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/2/97.short Sissons, J. (1983). Effectsof soya-beanproductson digestiveprocesses inthegastrointestinal tractof preruminantcalves[Abstract].41(1), 53-53. RetrievedDecember20, 2016, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/div-classtitl eeffects-of-soya-bean-products-on-digestive-processes-in-the-gastrointestinal-tract-of-prerumina nt-calvesdiv/829E6E65CF3E213E31E10230E100A3C8. Levin,R.(n.d.). Digestionandabsorptionof carbohydratesfrommoleculesandmembranesto humans.[Abstract].ClinicalNutrition.RetrievedDecember20, 2016, from http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/59/3/690S.short Gureco.HumanDigestiveSystem DigestiveEnzymes andDrinkingColdWaterafterMeal. (2015, June 24). RetrievedDecember20, 2016, from http://hubpages.com/health/Human-Digestive-System-Digestive-Enzymes-and-Drinking-Cold-W ater-after-Meal Woolnough. 1.W. (2010). The Effect of a Brief Salivary a-Amylase Exposure During Chewing on Subsequent in Vitro Starch Digestion Curve Profiles. Retrieved December 21. 2016. from http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/8/2780/htm

The Formation of a National Government for the United States Essay

An inspection of Aristotle’s table below will reveal some of the fears that were major concerns for the developing American attitudes toward governments. The Author asserts that the forms of government that were in place around the world brought with them a history of that American used to build a better instrument of governance. Another idea that was hidden within Aristotle’s Chart on Government and leads the framers toward a more considered conclusion, is that democracy was the only type of government the world had not tried. This became the impetus for the great experiment. https://careerjob2013.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/aristotles-classification-of-government.jpg The purposes of governments are for the mutual safety of the people and the ability to provide for their needs through working together for a common good. For without some form of government or the loss of form of law and order, would prove to be catalysts of anarchy. This observation directly relates to one of Hobbs's contentions, that a social contract was an agreement not to be killed and to stop killing one another. People must give up some freedoms if there is to be any peace. Locke believed in religious freedoms a basic tenet of the Constitution of the US in conjunction with the presumption that it is natural for one to be free and enjoy liberty. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident †¦Ã¢â‚¬ are among the most important words written in the Declaration of Independence, yet; they are not self-evident, nor are they true. These words are truly stated yet; the reality was that it only applied to white landowners. Thus, one of Americas founding tenets of equality taken from it declaration of independence was suspect from the beginning. The fa... ...or the future. Manifest destiny demonstrates the strength of it tenets by altering the moral compass of a nation in the way the nation has interacted with others known as â€Å"them†. In the search for answers to why, there is the potential for over examination, as such when looking for reasons for one action or another the answer is often not what is expected. Given pause, a self-examination as to why you believe what you do, it maybe be frightening when the answer is, â€Å"I don’t know.† It is just as probable that it was the luck of the draw. Fortunately, because of increased knowledge we can make better decisions that will influence the world, positively or negatively, depends on your view. The sentiments of these ancient philosophers are easily recognized as constructs of the American mindset. Works Cited BrainyQuotes. Lord Acton Quotes . 2001*2014.

The Effect Of Manual Therapy Health And Social Care Essay

The shoulder encroachment syndrome is one of the most common causes of hurting and disfunction in the jocks shoulder. Primary shoulder encroachment syndrome can happen in anyone who repeatedly or forcefully uses the upper appendage in an elevated place. The patho-mechanics of this syndrome implicate activities that repetitively place the arm in over caput places. Majority of jocks who manifest this status take part in baseball, swimming, cricket and tennis, but it is by no agencies confined to these athleticss. Repeated compaction of the subacromial contents causes micro-pockets of harm which finally summate as the activity is persisted with. Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The resulting inflammatory reaction involves vascular congestion and hydrops into the sinew or Bursa which farther reduces the infinite beneath the coraco-acromial arch. This consequences in hurting that interferes with normal biomechanics of the shoulder by doing musculus encroachment and compensatory motions or positions. The importance of its acknowledgment is that encroachment is frequently a progressive status that, if recognized and treated early, can hold a more favourable result. Delay in acknowledgment and intervention can let secondary alterations to happen, with attendant restrictions in intervention options and functional results.1.2 THE MagnitudeThe magnitude of the job is attested by the fact that 30 to 60 per centum of competitory swimmers and 25 per centum of base ball hurlers and tennis participants incur this malady at some point during their callings. Recognition of the syndrome and early non-operative intercession are indispensable for a successful declaration and the return of jocks to their accustomed degree of public presentation. Most jocks start take parting in athleticss when they are comparatively immature, by adolescence many would hold experienced the symptoms normally known as â€Å" bursitis † , â€Å" cuffitis † , or â€Å" supraspinatus syndrome † . Impingement syndrome is by far the most common soft tissue hurt of the shoulder for which an jock seeks intervention.1.3 Mechanical FactorCapsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The buttocks, anterior and inferior part of the capsule has been reported to be involved in this. Athletes or persons who avoid painful overhead activity or who are subjected to gesture instabilities as a consequence of their athleticss can develop capsular stringency which restricts joint mobility and prevent opposite way humeral caput semivowel taking to an earlier oncoming or greater grade of subacromial compaction and painful or limited map, peculiarly in elevated planes of motion.1.4 OVERUSE INJURIES: AN OUTLINEOveruse hurts in jocks are more common than traumatic and post surgical hurts to shoulder. The joint by structural default via medias on stableness for the interest of mobility. This poses a complex interaction of laxness, rotator cuff hurt ( Tensile tendonitis ) and impingement hurts ( Compression tendonitis ) taking to syndrome doing functional restriction. The etiology once more is attributed to patho-mechanics and can be classified into primary and secondary causes.Primary CAUSESPrimary encroachment i? ¶ Increased subacromial burden i? ¶ Acromial morphology ( A hooked acromial process, presence of an osacromiale or osteophyte, and/or calcific sedimentations in the subacromial infinite make patients more predisposed for primary encroachment. ) i? ¶ Acromioclaviculararthrosis ( inferior osteophytes ) i? ¶ Coracoacromial ligament hypertrophy i? ¶ Coracoid encroachment i? ¶ Subacromialbursal thickener and fibrosis i? ¶ Prominent humeral greater tubercle i? ¶ Trauma ( direct macrotrauma or insistent microtrauma ) i? ¶ Overhead activity ( athletic and nonathletic )Secondary CAUSESSecondary encroachment i? ¶ Rotator turnup overload/soft tissue instability i? ¶ Eccentric musculus overload i? ¶ Glenohumeral laxity/instability i? ¶ Long caput of the biceps tendon laxity/weakness i? ¶ Glenoid labral lesions i? ¶ Muscle instability i? ¶ Scapular dyskinesia i? ¶ Posterior capsular stringency i? ¶ Trapezius palsy1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDYThe usage of manual therapy as a portion of comprehensive rehabilitation attention is still non really popular and there are merely few surveies done in this peculiar country and needs more nonsubjective findings. It is this dearth my survey aims to bridge.1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe specific hypotheses were that patients diagnosed with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome, treated with manual joint mobilisation combined with hot battalions, active scope of gesture, physiologic stretching, musculus strengthening exercisings, soft tissue mobilisation and patient instruction would see less hurting strength upon subacromial compaction testing and Greater active scope of gesture. My survey aims to sketch the benefits of integrating Manual therapy technique into intervention governments.1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThe aim of the survey is to measure the consequence of manual therapy ( Mulligan, Maitland ) as a constituent of comprehensive i ntervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in athletic shoulder.1.8 HYPOTHESISThe void hypothesis for the survey is stated as follows:â€Å" There is no important difference in cut downing hurting and bettering scope of gesture and map on utilizing manual therapy techniques in overhead jocks with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome †2. LITERATURE REVIEWi Lo YP, Hsu YC and Chan KM conducted a survey in 372 participants and found that 163 individuals ( 43.8 % ) had shoulder jobs and 109 participants ( 29 % ) had shoulder hurting. The prevalence of shoulder hurting ranked highest among volley ball participants ( N= 28 ) followed by swimmers ( N= 22 ) , badminton, hoops and tennis ( Br.J.Sports Med, sep 1990 ) i Fluerst Ml has stated impingement syndrome to be one among the 10 most common athleticss hurts and impute it to unstable design of the joint. He suggests exercising to rotator turnup beef uping to keep the shoulder in topographic point and forestalling disruptions ( American Health Oct 1994 ) . i Fu FH, Harner CD and Klein AH classifies encroachment into 2 classs Primary and Secondary. Primary being caused by nonathletic hurts of supraspinatus sinew while secondary is caused by athletic hurts due to unstable forms of motion ( nerve-racking and end scopes ) . This they concluded will enable better clinical attacks. ( Clin. Orthop Aug 1991 ) . i Brox JL, Staff PH, Ljunggren AE & A ; Brevik JL used Neer shoulder mark and found that surgery and supervised exercising plan decidedly had an improved rotary motion when compared to placebo intervention. ( BMJ Oct 1993 ) . i Blevins FT has suggested categorization of rotator cuff hurt and disfunction based on etiology as primary encroachment, primary tensile overload and secondary encroachment and tensile overload ensuing from glenohumeral instability. Arthoscopic scrutiny shows anterior capsular laxness ( positive â€Å" thrust through mark † ) every bit good as superior posterior labral and cuff hurt typical of internal encroachment. If rehabilitation entirely is non successful a capsulolabral fix followed by rehabilitation may let the jock to return to their old degree of competition. Athletes with acute episodes of macrotrauma to the shoulder ensuing in turnup pathology normally presents with hurting, limited active lift and a positive â€Å" shrug-sign † . Arthroscopy and debridement of thickened, inflamed or scarred subacromial Bursa with cuff fix or debridement as indicated is normally successful in those who do non react to a rehabilitation plan. ( Sports Med.1997 ) . i Masala S et al. , in their survey on â€Å" Impingement syndrome of shoulder † have proved that CT and MRI are more dependable and accurate diagnostic methods. CT scan is sensitive to even cold-shoulder bony alterations and MRI detects tendon, Bursa and rotator turnup alterations. However they suggest obviously X raies to be performed as a first process. ( Radiol. Med Jan 1995 ) . This thought of MRI being sensitive to name encroachment has besides been confirmed by Rossi F ( Eur.J.Radiol. May 1998 ) . However, Holder J has concluded that distinction between tendinopathy and partial cryings might be hard utilizing MRI imagination. ( Radiologe Dec 1996 ) . i Corso G has emphasized the usage of impingement alleviation trial as an adjunctive process to traditional appraisal of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. This purportedly helps in insulating the primary tissue lesion. Such that conservative direction could be addressed to that specific construction ( J.ortho. Phys Ther, Nov 1995 ) . i Brossmann J and co-workers from the veterans disposal medical centre of California have stated that MR imagination of different shoulder places may assist uncover the pathogenesis of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. ( AJR Am. J Roentgenol. Dec 1996 ) . i Deutsch A, Altcheck DW et al. , have shown that patients with phase II and phase III encroachment had a larger scapulothoracic constituent than the normal shoulder during abduction motion. The superior migration of humeral caput is likely the consequence of turnup failure, either partial or complete. i Douglas E. Conroy and Karen W Hayes in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the topics having joint mobilisation and comprehensive intervention would hold improved mobility and map compared to similar patients having comprehensive intervention entirely. Mobilization decreased 24-hour hurting and hurting with subacromial compaction trial in patients with primary impingement Syndrome. ( J Orthop Sports Phys. Ther. Mar 1998 ) . i Hawkins RJ and Hobeika PE in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the impingement syndrome may slop over at any clip to affect the next biceps tendon, subacromical Bursa and acromio-claviular articulation and as a continuum, with the transition of clip, may eventuate in devolution and partial, even complete thickness, rotator turnup cryings subsequently in life. They besides recommend careful warm-up exercisings, occasional remainder by avoiding piquing motion and local modes of ice, ultrasound and transcutantaneous stimulation along with pharmacotherapy. They besides province surgical decompression and unequivocal acromioplasty could be performed. ( Cl. Sports. Med. Jul 1983 ) . i Bak K and Magnusson SP have emphasized that internal rotary motion might be much more affected than the external rotary motion which might do superior migration of humeral caput. They besides province that scope of gesture in shoulder demand non correlate with the happening of shoulder hurting. ( Am. J. Sport Med, Jul 1997 ) . i Homes CF and associates of University of Arkansas have concluded that intensive patient instruction, place plan, curative exercisings and specific manual mobilisation has better patient conformity and lesser abnormalcies on nonsubjective scrutiny after 1 year. ( J.Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. Dec 1997 ) . i McCann PD and Bigliani LU in their article on â€Å" Shoulder hurting in tennis participants † has emphasized rotator turnup and scapular musculus strengthening and surgical stabilisation of the capsulo-labral composite for patients who fail rehabilitation plan. Prevention of hurt in tennis participants seem to depend upon flexibleness, strength and synchronism among the gleno-humeral and scapular musculuss. ( Sports Med. Jan 1994 ) . i Carpenter JE et al. , in their article in MDX wellness digest have found out that there is an addition in threshold for motion proprioception by 73 % . This lessening in proprioceptive esthesis might play a critical function in diminishing athletic public presentation and in weariness related disfunction. Thought it is still dubious if developing improves the perceptual experience, this is an of import determination that has farfetched deductions in the intervention of shoulder impingement syndrome as weariness might be rather common with the lessening vascularity and injury to the construction of rotator turnup. ( Am. J. Sports Med Mar 1998 ) . i Scheib JS from university of Tennessee Medical Center has stated that overexploitation sydromes mandate remainder and control of redness through drugs and physical modes. He prescribed a gradual patterned advance of beef uping plan and any return of symptoms should be adequately and quickly appraised and treated. He emphasized that proper conservative intervention entirely prevents patterned advance of impingement syndromes. ( Rheum. Dis. Clin. North.Am Nov 1990 ) . i Morrrison DS and co-workers have shown that non operative intervention of shoulder encroachment syndrome resulted in important betterments. In their survey of 413 patients 67 % had a good recovery while 28 % had to travel for arthroscopic processs. Further age, gender and attendant tenderness of acromio-clavicular articulation did non impact the result significantly. ( J.Bone and Joint Surg. Am. May 1997 ) . i Brewer BJ has documented a structural alteration of the greater tubercle and progressive devolution of all elements of the sinewy constructions that is age related with progressive ( 1 ) osteitis of the greater tubercle, cystic devolution, and abnormality of the cortical border ; ( 2 ) degenerative sulcus between the greater tubercle and the articular surface ; ( 3 ) break of the unity of the fond regard of the sinew to the bone by Sharpey ‘s fibres ; ( 4 ) loss of cellularity, loss of staining quality, and atomization of the sinew ; ( 5 ) decline of the vascularity of the sinew ; and ( 6 ) dimmunition of fibrocartiage. ( Am J Sports Med, Mar-Apr 1979 ) . i Kinger A et al. , stated that volleyball participants have a different muscular and capsular form at the playing shoulder compared to the opposite shoulder. Their playing shoulder is depressed, the scapular lateralized, the dorsal musculuss and the buttocks and inferior portion of the shoulder capsule shortened. These differences were of more significance in volleyball participants with shoulder hurting than in volleyball participants without shoulder hurting. Muscular balance of the shoulder girdle is really of import in this athletics. It is hence imperative to include equal stretching and muscular preparation plan for the bar, every bit good as for therapy, of shoulder hurting in volleyball participants. ( Br J Sports Med, Sep 1996 ) . i Jobe FW, Kvitne RS, Giangarra CE in their article â€Å" shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete- the relationship of anterior instability and rotator turnup encroachment † , shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete can frequently be traced to the stabilising mechanisms of the glenohumeral articulation. i Flatow EL and associates of Orthopaedic Research Laboratoty, New York Orthopaedic Hospital, on the biomechanics of humerus with acromial process provinces that contact starts at the anterolateral border of the acromial process at 0 grades of lift, it shifts medially with arm lift. On the humeral surface, contact displacements from proximal to distal on the supraspinatus sinew with arm lift. When external rotary motion is decreased, distal and posterior displacement in contact is noted. Acromial bottom and rotator turnup sinews are in closest propinquity between 60 grades and 120 grades of lift ; contact was systematically more marked for type III acromial processs. Mean acromiohumeral interval was 11.1 millimeter at 0 grades of lift and decreased to 5.7 millimeters at 90 grades, when greater tubercle was closest to the acromial process. Contact centres on the supraspinatus interpolation, proposing altered jaunt of the greater tubercle may ab initio damage this rotator turnup part. Conditionss restricting external rotary motion or lift may besides increase rotator cuff compaction. Marked addition in contact with Type III acromial processs supports the function of anterior acromioplasty when clinically indicated, normally in older patients with primary encroachment. ( Am J Sports Med, Nov-Dec 1994 ) . i Hawkins RJ, Abrams JS in â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the absence of rotator turnup tear ( stages 1 and 2 ) † lay accent on prophylaxis in bad populations, such as hurlers and swimmers. Once symptoms occur, the bulk can be successfully managed with nonoperative steps. Prolonged failure of conservative attention prior to rotator turnup tear requires surgical decompression with predictable success in most. ( Orthop clin North Am, Jul 1994 ) . i Hjelm R, Draper C, Spencer S supported the construct that capsular ligament non merely supply restraint, but are specifically oriented to steer and focus on the humeral caput on the glenoid during shoulder motions. Glenohumeral ligament length inadequacy can be the primary cause of shoulder hurting, runing from frozen shoulder to impingement like symptoms.Proper capsular ligament length can be restored with manual techniques. All patients with shoulder hurting should hold capsular ligament appraisal to guarantee proper glenohumeral mechanics. ( J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Mar 1996 ) . i Frogameni AD, Woodworth P in their survey on â€Å" Non- operative intervention of subacromial impingement syndrome † performed a retrospective survey of 616 patients and have shown that non-operative intervention of subacromial impingement syndrome resulted in important improvement.Overall,413 patients had a satisfactory consequence while others had to travel for arthroscopic processs. Besides, shoulder laterality, gender and attendant tenderness of the acromioclavicular articulation did non impact the consequence significantly. ( Arthroscopy ; 16 ( 1 ) :35-40 ) . i Pink MM et Al in their article â€Å" Arthroscopic findings in the overhand throwing jock: grounds for posterior internal encroachment of the rotator turnup † supported the construct of encroachment of the posterior turnup bottom with the posterosuperior glenoid rim in the overhand throwing athlete with shoulderpain. ( J Shoulder Elbow Surg ; 8 ( 2 ) :102-111 ) . i Gjengedal E et Al in their survey on â€Å" Arthroscopic surgery versus supervised exercisings in patients with rotator turnup disease ( phase II encroachment syndrome ) : a prospective, randomized controlled survey in 125 patients with a two-and-half twelvemonth followup † found that the success rate was higher for patients randomized to surgery ( 26 of 38 ) and exercises ( 27 of 44 ) compared with the placebo group ( 7 of 28 ) . ( Clin J Sport Med 2003 May ; 13 ( 3 ) :176-182. ) i Claude HC, Pierre Freemont in their article â€Å" Curative exercising and orthopaedic manual therapy for impingement syndrome: a systematic reappraisal † suggested that curative exercising or manual therapy benefited more when compared with other interventions such as acromioplasty, placebo or no intercession. Surveies were included if ( 1 ) they were a randomized controlled test ; ( 2 ) they were related to impingement syndrome, rotator turnup tendonitis or bursitis ; ( 3 ) one of the interventions included curative exercising or manual therapy. ( J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.1998 Jul ; 28 ( 1 ) :3-14. i Greenbaum BS, Einhorn A in their article â€Å" Shoulder encroachment † has stated that impingement rehabilitation focuses on beef uping the humeral caput depressors while disregarding the deltoid and supraspinatus musculuss. Later intervention includes specific retraining of scapular reconciliation musculuss. The concluding stage of intervention includes beef uping the premier humeral movers in places that avoid farther emphasis to the injured rotator turnup sinews and last of all specifically beef uping the supraspinatus musculus. ( Orthop Clin North Am.1997 Jan ; 28 ( 1 ) :69-78. i Roberts et Al ( 2002 ) used MRI to place and mensurate the alterations in anatomic constructions in the subacromial infinite as the arm was moved from complete remainder to 160 grade of forward flexure during the Hawkin ‘s and Neer encroachment tactics. They concluded that a clinically positive Hawkin ‘s mark is consistent with external shoulder encroachment. i Andy Finn in his article â€Å" Shoulder impingement physical therapy to halt the hurting and retrieve fast † has once and for all stated that shoulder encroachment upset can be resolved efficaciously with a professional plan of rehabilitation which is based on specific exercisings for the rotator turnup can cut down recovery times from months to hebdomads, cut downing hurting, redness and the demand for medical specialties, of course. i MacDonald et al. , compared the diagnostic truth of the Neer and Hawkin ‘s impingement mark to arthroscopic findings and stated that both trials were similar for happening rotator turnup disease but the Hawkin ‘s mark was more sensitive for subacromial bursitis. They concluded that when both the trials are negative there is a high degree of anticipation that rotator turnup tendinopathy, rupturing or bursitis can be ruled out. i Aimie F.Kachingwe et al. , found that MWM in combination with a supervised exercising plan resulted in a higher per centum of alteration ( but non statistically important ) from pre- to post-treatment in diminishing hurting and bettering map compared to the supervised exercising merely and command groups. i Pappas GP et Al. , in their article â€Å" In vivo anatomy of the Neer and Hawkins sign places for shoulder encroachment † has stated that the Neer and Hawkins impingement marks are normally used to name subacromial pathology. It was found that the Hawkins place resulted in significantly greater subacromial infinite narrowing and subacromial rotator turnup contact than the Neer place though both the manoeuvres significantly decreased the distance from the supraspinatus interpolation into the acromial process and posterior glenoid and from the subscapularis interpolation to the anterior glenoid. The intraarticular contact of the supraspinatus with the posterosuperior glenoid was observed in all topics in both places, which they stated that internal encroachment may play a function in the Neer and Hawkins marks. ( J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006 Jan-Feb ; 15 ( 1 ) :40-49 ) . i Valadie et al. , in a survey described that there is consistent contact between the soft tissues and the coraco-acromial ligament and between the articular surface of the rotator turnup and the anterior superior glenoid during the Hawkin ‘s and Kennedy test.Edelson and Teitz reported contact between the lesser tubercle and antero-superior glenoid in the Hawkin ‘s and Kennedy test place. i MacDermid JC et al. , in their article â€Å" The shoulder Pain and Disability Index demonstrates factor, concept and longitudinal cogency † concluded that the SPADI is a valid step to measure hurting and disablement in community-based patients describing shoulder hurting due to musculoskeletal pathology. The SPADI is a self-report questionnaire to mensurate the hurting and disablement associated with shoulder pathology.Based on their survey the internal consistences of the SPADI subscales were high. ( BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006,7:12 do1:10.1186/1471-2474-7-12 )3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYThis survey is designed to affect Manual therapy as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment in athletic shoulder. The survey was carried out for one twelvemonth.3.1 STUDY DESIGNThe survey is conducted in the format of experimental pre trial, station trial survey design.3.2 STUDY SettingThis survey is conducted on jocks of Coimbatore athleticss n ine, when they had come to Sri Ramakrishna infirmary for shoulder hurting intervention. Informed consent was obtained from all the topics to transport out my thesis work after anterior referral from the physician in-charge.3.3 SamplingRandom trying A sum of 20 jocks with primary shoulder encroachment were divided into 2 groups of 10 each. Group A 10 jocks: – Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings. Group B 10 jocks: – Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings.3.4 CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTIONEligibilityAge eligibility for survey: 18 Old ages to 35 Old ages Genders eligibility for survey: Male Accepts Healthy Volunteers: NoStandardsInclusion Standardsi Reproduction of symptoms with impingement trial: either Hawkins-Kennedy or Neer trial. i Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. i Pain during active shoulder lift at or above 60o. i Active scope of gesture shortage in humeral lift. i Limited functional motion forms in elevated places. i Positive clinical marks bespeaking subacromial encroachment symptoms ( SIS ) : hurting worsening with overhead activity ; a painful discharge, etc.Exclusion Standardsi History of capsular, ligament, sinew and labrum hurts. i Any recent surgeries carried out in and around shoulder articulation. i Traumatic shoulder disruption within the past 3 months. i Previous rehabilitation for this episode of shoulder hurting i Severe devolution bony or ligament alterations. i Primary shoulder blade thoracic disfunction. i Reproduction of shoulder hurting with active or inactive cervical gesture. i Systemic inflammatory joint disease. i Unstable break of humerus, shoulder blade and collarbone. i Any neurovascular co-morbidities of the involved upper appendage. i Any pathology around the shoulder like Periarthritis, Calcified tendonitis, Frozen shoulder, AC arthritis etc. i Global loss of inactive shoulder ROM, declarative mood of adhesive capsulitis.3.5 MAIN STUDYProcedure Athletes were indiscriminately assigned to two groups harmonizing to the block randomisation method Group 1- Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings. Group 2- Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings. Block randomisation was used to guarantee that an equal figure of jocks were assigned to each intervention group and informed of their intervention protocol. Pre and post-treatment appraisal measurings were taken, the initial appraisal session occurred on the first twenty-four hours of the hebdomad of the physician scrutiny. The consequence of intervention was assessed based on the undermentioned dependent variables: –1. Pain-free active ROM measured with a standard goniometer for flexure and scaption.Pain-free shoulder fexion and scaption active ROM was measured with a cosmopolitan goniometer harmonizing to a standard process. Scaption was measured in standing by alining the goniometer axis over the coracoid procedure, the stationary arm analogue to the thorax and the traveling arm midplane of the humerus with the median epicondyle as a usher. Standardized goniometric measurings of glenohumeral gesture have been shown to hold good intrarater dependability and cogency.2. Measurement of shoulder map assessed with the shoulder hurting and disablement index ( SPADI ) .The numerically- scaly SPADI, a 13-item self-administered instrument mensurating shoulder functional and hurting position, has been shown to hold good test-retest dependability, reactivity, and/or cogency. The SPADI used in this survey was modified to ease capable apprehension by including equal-distanced hashed lines marked 0-10, with nothing labeled no pain/no functional restrictions and 10 labeled worst pain/unable to execute. If a topic chose to tag between the hashed lines, the inquiry was scored to the nearest 0.25.3. Hawkins- Kennedy trialThe Hawkins-Kennedy trial is performed by positioning the arm passively at 90A ° of shoulder fexion followed by the healer forcibly internally revolving the arm-a manoeuvre that besides directs the critical zone against the coracoacromial ligament. The sensitiveness of this manoeuvre has besides been found to be good.4. Neer trialThe Neer encroachment trial, conducted by inactive forward lift and internal rotary motion of the humerus with the shoulder blade stabilized, is deemed positive if the patient studies hurting, normally above 120A ° of shoulder lift when the critical zone of the rotator turnup sinew is compressed against the subacromial arch. The Neer trial has been found to hold fair to good sensitiveness for finding the presence of shoulder encroachment. All topics in the intervention groups ( Groups 1-2 ) received physical therapy for one hr each for three times per a hebdomad for four hebdomads harmonizing to the undermentioned protocols, and each session ended with topics having a cold battalion for 10-15 proceedingss to diminish possible redness and delayed musculus tenderness. Participants were instructed to execute a place exercising plan one time a twenty-four hours, Participants were besides educated in the etiology of shoulder encroachment syndrome and the importance of proper position, and they were instructed to modify overhead activities. Participants in Group 1, the exercising plus MWM group received the standard exercising protocol as per showed in Appendix ( No.5 ) plus glenohumeral joint MWM technique as described by Mulligan. This technique involved the healer using a sustained posterior accoutrement semivowel to the glenohumeral articulation while the topic at the same time actively flexed the shoulder to the unpainful end point and applied a soft overpressure force utilizing the contralateral arm ( Figure 3 ) in Appendix ( No.4 ) . Entire abolishment of hurting during the technique was compulsory ; if the patient started to see hurting during active gesture ; the healer would look into different force planes and/or classs of force until unpainful gesture was restored. This process was repeated for a sum of 3 sets of 10 repeats every bit long as unpainful gesture was sustained ; if hurting commenced during any repeat of any set, the technique was terminated. Participants in Group 2, the exercising plus mobilisation group received the standard exercising protocol as per showed in Appendix ( No.5 ) with add-on of glenohumeral joint mobilisation techniques as described by Maitland. Anterior, posterior, inferior semivowels, or long-axis distraction grade I-IV joint mobilisations were applied consequently ( Figure 2 ) in Appendix ( No.4 ) . For state of affairss where there was responsiveness within the capsular ROM, grade I-II mobilisations were applied. For state of affairss where there was no responsiveness but capsular hypomobility, grade III-IV accessary gestures were applied. Each mobilisation was applied for 30 seconds at a rate of about one mobilisation every 1 to 2 seconds, followed by a 30-second remainder. The 30-second mobilisation and resting Sessionss were repeated 2 extra times for a sum of 3 sets of 30- 2nd mobilisations.3.6 Materials USEDi Treatment sofa i Orthopedic Evaluation Chart. i Shoulder Pain And Disability Index ( SPADI ) i Goniometer. i Handheld weightsA ( Dumbbells ) . i Flexible gum elastic tube, a bungee cord, or a big gum elastic set.3.7 TREATMENT DURATIONGroup A: – Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings for one hr each for three times per hebdomad. Group B: – Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings for one hr each for three times per hebdomad.3.8 DurationDuration of survey is 12 months. Treatment Duration is 4weeks/ alternate days/one hr a twenty-four hours.3.9 OUTCOME MEASURESi Pain and Shoulder disablement were assessed utilizing Shoulder Pain and Disability Index ( SPADI ) . i Active Range of Motion ( AROM ) : Flexure and Scaption were assessed utilizing Goniometer.3.10 Statistical AnalysisTwo tailed, Independent't ‘ trial was used to compare between groups on all descriptive and dependent variables. This will define the significance of betterment between the two groups. The t-test was calculated utilizing the expression: T = S = n1= figure of jocks in first sample group. n2= figure of jocks in 2nd sample group. x1= average difference of first sample group. x2= average difference of 2nd sample group. s = combined standard divergence.4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONThe survey was conducted in two groupsGROUP 1Athletes were treated with Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings.GROUP 2Athletes were treated with Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings. Pre -test and station -test values were taken and the result was evaluated by utilizing the undermentioned tools Goniometer ( Active Range of Motion ) Shoulder hurting and disablement index ( SPADI ) The independent't ‘ trial was used for statistical analysisTable No. 4.1RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION, ABDUCTION FORGROUP I ( Mulligan Mobilization )S.NO. Flexure Abduction Pretest Post trial Pretest Post trial 1 133 167 80 174 2 128 155 92 150 3 120 166 87 164 4 136 169 90 173 5 138 167 79 175 6 123 154 77 164 7 127 154 90 170 8 134 164 95 170 9 120 165 87 166 10 117 158 93 170RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION – Group I( Mulligan Mobilization )RANGE OF MOTION OF ABDUCTION – Group I( Mulligan Mobilization )Table No. 4.2RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION, ABDUCTION FORGROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )S.NO. Flexure Abduction Pretest Post trial Pretest Post trial 1 132 152 94 140 2 136 145 83 150 3 142 140 87 144 4 130 142 90 146 5 135 153 75 157 6 117 137 86 137 7 132 150 98 145 8 123 147 90 146 9 130 148 96 139 10 127 139 80 137RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION – GROUP II( Maitland Mobilization )RANGE OF MOTION OF ABDUCTION – GROUP II( Maitland Mobilization )Table No. 4.3SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )S.NO. Pain Disability Entire Mark Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial 1 45 10 56 16 101 26 2 40 10 48 24 88 34 3 35 5 56 16 91 21 4 40 10 40 8 80 18 5 45 15 48 8 93 23 6 30 5 56 8 86 13 7 45 10 40 24 85 34 8 40 15 40 24 80 39 9 35 10 48 16 83 26 10 40 15 32 8 72 23SPADI PAIN – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )SPADI DIABILITY – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )Table No. 4.4SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )S.NO. Pain Disability Entire Mark Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial 1 40 15 40 24 80 39 2 30 10 56 8 86 18 3 45 10 32 8 77 18 4 40 15 48 16 88 31 5 35 5 40 24 75 29 6 40 5 32 16 72 21 7 30 10 56 16 86 26 8 40 15 48 24 88 39 9 45 10 40 8 85 18 10 35 20 56 24 91 44SPADI PAIN GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )SPADI DIABILITY – GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )Table 4.5Summary OF DATA ANALYSIS FOR TWO GROUPS OF PRIMARY SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME S.No. Group Parameter Mean Sd. ‘t ‘ value 1. Group I Flexure Read-only memory 34.3 6.79 6.21 Group II 15.3 6.16 Group I Abduction ROM 80.6 10.17 4.93 Group II 56.2 10.83 2. Group I SPADI Pain 29 3.74 0.975 Group II 26.5 6.73 3. Group I SPADI DISABILITY 31.2 10.4 0.65 Group II 28 10.28 4. Group I Entire SPADI SCORE 60.2 10.97 1.223 Group II 54.5 8.65MEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION – Group I AND GROUP IIMEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN RANGE OF MOTION OF ABDUCTION – Group I AND GROUP IIMEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN PAIN-GROUP I AND GROUP IIMEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN DISABILITY– Group I AND GROUP IIMEAN DIFFERENCE OF SPADI TOTAL SCORE –GROUP I AND GROUP II5. DiscussionThis survey shows the effectivity of Manual therapy as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in athletic shoulder. The information analysis shows that there has been important decrease in hurting, addition in ROM and functional ability of shoulder articulation, in values of group 1 and group 2. Pain and shoulder disablement is measured by SPADI, the entire SPADI shows that average betterment of group 1 is 60.2 and group 2 is 54.5 with standard divergence of 10.97 and 8.65 severally. The independent ‘t ‘ value calculated for SPADI is 1.223 at 18 grade of freedom. This deliberate ‘t ‘ value is less than the table value of 2.101 at 0.05 degree of significance. Hence, we accept the void hypothesis. Therefore, there is no important difference in cut downing hurting and bettering map on utilizing Manual therapy technique in over caput jocks with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome. Sing hurting, the average betterment of group 1 is 29 and group 2 is 26.5 with standard divergence of 3.74 and 6.73 severally and for disablement the average betterment of group 1 is 31.2 and group 2 is 28 with standard divergence of 10.4 and 10.28 severally. For hurting the independent ‘t ‘ value is 0.975 and for disablement is 0.65. Since the values are less tha n the table values of 2.101 at 0.05 degree of significance we are accepting the void hypothesis. ROM is measured by goniometer, it shows that average betterment of flexure in group 1 is 34.3 and group 2 is 15.3 with standard divergence of 6.79 and 6.165 and for abduction the average betterment in group 1 is 80.6 and group 2 is 56.2 with standard divergence of 10.17 and 10.83. The ‘t ‘ value calculated for flexure is 6.21 and for abduction is 4.93. Since both the values are more than the table value of 2.101 at 0.05 degree of significance, we reject the void hypothesis. Therefore, there is a important difference in bettering ROM of flexure and abduction on utilizing Manual therapy technique in over caput jocks with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome. Statistical analysis showed that, The group 1 who underwent Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings has more consistent betterment than the other group in increasing ROM. There was no important difference between the groups on cut downing hurting and bettering disablement.RestrictionThe continuance of the survey could non be extended for more than 12 months due to clip restraint. This survey did non include the jocks in phase 3 primary shoulder encroachment syndromes therefore the consequences of this survey can non be generalized to all patients with assorted phases of primary shoulder encroachment syndrome.6. DecisionIn this survey the effectivity of Manual therapy as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in athletic shoulder, shows that Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings is effectual in increasing mobility. However, athletes improved significantly with all the two intervention schemes. From this survey it is suggested that Manual therapy techniques ( Mulligan and Maitland ) can be efficaciously used as a constituent of comprehensive intervention plan.6.1 RecommendationSince it is a clip edge survey, a survey with a big sample size and long term follow up can be done in hereafter. Surveies can be compared with other use techniques. Surveies can be carried out in bilateral primary shoulder encroachment syndrome.

Why You Should Give Free Content To Your Readers

Why You Should Give Free Content To Your Readers Give it away give it away give it away give it away now. Give It Away, Red Hot Chili Peppers Thats four suggestions, in a row, to give something away. Surely the Chili Peppers are onto something you can apply to your blog. If you do a search on with the word free, you get a fair number of results. What are our blog giveaways and other free stuff  here at ? WordPress plugins Headline creation tools Email newsletters and courses calendar training An endless number of infographics, e-books, and worksheets Craziness. But not really. Why You Should Give Free Content To Your Readers #blogging via @JulieNeidlingerThe Power Of  Blog Giveaways Free content builds goodwill, and people love to share free stuff with their friends and followers on social media. Free content is portable. E-books and other downloads are portable. Youre not demanding that people stay on your site to read and access them. Regularly creating free content keeps you familiar with the act of being a creator. Jay Baer wrote about giving content away, and one reason he believes it is necessary is startling: Your audience expects it  now. By not having blog giveaways  on your site, you stand out in a negative light. Freebies have become so prevalent that even if it could be proven to be a negative tactic (which it really isnt), youd still have repercussions if you didnt offer something. #Blog giveaways are  so prevalent, its negative  if you dont give something away for free.4 Ways Blog Giveaways Will Help You Grow Your Audience Start by figuring out what your reluctant readers might need to convince themselves to open their wallet and buy. Chris Garrett, over at Copyblogger, discussed what blog giveaways  will do for you: 1. Build your network. Free content, such as an e-book that knocks peoples socks off, is how you build your network. This happens in two ways. First, your blog giveaway is so amazing it starts getting shared. Second, you mention others in your e-book and pretty soon they are sharing it. 2. Prove youre an expert. You can say youre an expert until youre blue in the face, but sooner or later readers are going to expect you to back it up. Your blog posts do most of that work for you, but if you can offer free resources that supplement and expand on those posts (e-books, worksheets, etc.), then youre giving readers the proof they need before trusting you enough to buy what youre selling. 3. Compare yourself to your competition. Ever noticed how blog copy within an industry starts to sound the same? Its easy enough to be inspired (i.e. copy) others in an industry, but if you create unique resources, you set yourself apart from the competition. 4 ways #blog giveaways help grow an  audience: networking, expertise, comparison, doorway.4. Create doorway content. Giving away something of value is how you get your readers hooked. Just as pro guest bloggers advocate doing your best writing for your guest posts instead of saving it for your blog, you need to do the same for your blog giveaways. It has to be addictive. However, if your best content is free, be sure that any content you sell isbetter. In other words, free content cant be junk, but if youre going to create content and put a price on it, it has to be even better. These reasons are particularly important for new bloggers, or bloggers who are still working at getting a serious readership. You have to show that you have the chops. Once you build a name for yourself, you dont have to give as much away. People already know what you offer is going to be good. 4 Types Of Blog Giveaways That Really Work What might you give away?  Knowing what to give away isnt a trick, but the answer is going to vary for each blogger. 1. Something fun that arrives regularly. Theres a reason subscription services have become popular- people are signing up for boxes to be delivered each month with things like makeup, food, or toys for their dog. We like a little surprise to look forward to. You can do the same with your freebies. Designers, consider giving away a monthly printable design pack. I regularly look forward to several designers who send out links to fun print-cut-assemble projects each month. 2. Something that promotes continued education. Marketers, provide training resources that are actually unique and not a rehash of everything out there already. Writers, give your readers writing help- from writing prompts to handy guides for fleshing out a plot. Give away something fun, educational, reputation-building, and ongoing. #blogging3. Something that gives you a reputation. While on a quest to find or create the perfect weekly planner, I stumbled upon the chronodex. Developed by Patrick Ng, the chronodex was his answer to planning. Its become hugely popular among planner fanatics, and a search on the chronodex will reveal people sharing their versions and how they use it. All of this from something Ng gave away for free. That chronodex created a positive reputation for Ng for those obsessed with planning and organization. If he were to begin selling additional expansions to his chronodex, Ive no doubt people would pony up the money. (Ng does not charge. He gives everything away.) 4. Something you can continue to build on. That chronodex? That is a free item that people look forward to every year because it naturally needs to be re-issued annually. If you can create blog giveaways  that you can build on, you create a loyal audience. You can also create items that can be purchased that add onto the original giveaway. Ng continues to provide updates, and he also highlights how other readers have been putting his chronodex system to work in their lives. He is turning something he gave away for free into a movement. How Much Is Too Much? Some are going to argue this point, butits possible that you can give away too much. The reason there is disagreement on giving things away is because some bloggers are approaching it purely from the viewpoint of marketing, while other bloggers are actually trying to make their living off of content. For example, a blogger who is building a reputation for being a marketing expert might think giving everything away is a great idea. They are focused on establishing a reputation, and the more valuable content they have out there, the better. A blogger who is building a business creating knitting patterns and instructions cant exactly do that. They need to sell the patterns. So how many blog giveaways  is too many? When might you pull back on giving away content? 1. You are trying to make a passive income. If, for example, you are hoping to make a passive income in which you will sell documents, content, downloads, etc., you need to be careful that what you give away doesnt have a negative impact on your sales. In this scenario, you ought to be giving away good content that shows you have the skills and potential for even better content, but you should not be giving away your best content. Thats for sales. 2. Youre using exclusivity as a driver for sales. Lets not forget about the power of exclusivity.  Exclusivity makes people want something, and it works in two ways: Not everyone gets in.  We like to know that we are part of a small group that made it in. We like knowing there are people who are not receiving this special knowledge because it makes our chances of success better. Think of a football game. When you are sitting in a crowd, standing up gives you a better, exclusive view. If everyone stands up, though, your view is no longer special. We like being part of what is special and exclusive both for how it makes us feel (important) and because we get a better view (imminent success). This requires a product that is so good, so clever, so desirable, such a status symbol, that people are frantic to get in on it. Everyone gets in, but only through specific channels.  While no one is turned away, they have to meet certain standards or requirements in order to participate. This helps weed out those who arent as dedicated, willing to pay, willing to work, and so on. It makes the group who has succeeded at getting in know that everyone else is as serious as they are. This requires a product that is excellent, people have to be able to find it easily enough, and you have to have a method for keeping control of how it spreads (think DRM). We like #blog giveaways to feel  something  special,  exclusive, and important.If your sales model is exclusive training for members, you simply cant give everything away, even for an email address. 3. You built a strong reputation and want to bank on that. There is room for a shift in how much you give away over time if your goal was to build a reputation before reigning in your freebies. After a while, it might be time to ask a bit more for your free content. After a while, you might take that popular freebie and put a price tag on it. For example, Copybloggers famous blog post on how to write magnetic headlines now redirects not to the easy-access blog post, but to a section of their site in which they encourage you to sign up for their other exclusive content. That content is still free, but by using the same URL and pointing it to a landing page which funneled readers directly into a sales funnel, they made that popular content work a little harder for them.  It isnt as easily accessible. They now want an email address, and they expose you to the sales pitch of a landing page. Give away enough to prove your other content is worth the purchase. Give away enough to give your customer a chance for small success using your program or content so they trust you enough to make a purchase. Dont give away the cow. Give away about 98% of the cow. That remaining 2% is what will get someone to buy. When it comes to content, people will pay for certain things: Exclusivity. People will pay for the opportunity to be part of something others arent. Sounds cruel, but its true. Detailed guidance. People will pay for detailed how-to instruction that helps them get their job done. Nothing vague, please. Be specific, and give people the know-how to achieve a concrete result. Custom content. People will pay for content created specifically for them. Instead of a generic report on how to get more traffic, theyll pay for a custom report that takes their specific situation into account. Great experiences. People will pay for the opportunity to experience something worthwhile.

Puerto Rico Colonization essays

Puerto Rico Colonization essays Colonized people are people who have been influenced and taken over by another country or power. Puerto Rico has been colonized by Spain and also by the United States. Spain took over Puerto Rico, a small island inhabited by the Taino Indians in 1493. Spain didnt grant freedom to the Puerto Rican people until 1897. The Puerto Ricans had freedom for a short time but soon was taken over by the United States in 1898 and the end of the Spanish-American War. After visiting Puerto Rico I witnessed three main points of the colonization including language, music, and foods. The country of Spain had the first and longest affect on the island of Puerto Rico. The most obvious and oldest form of colonization would be the Puerto Rican language, which is Spanish. Puerto Ricos native language was Arakwan, which was spoke by the Tainos, but now they speak Spanish even today. Spanish influence on music was brought with religion. Through the religion classical music was introduce to the Puerto Rican culture through the notes and tones in classic gospel music. Spain also introduced spices, seasonings, and herbs along with a variety other foods to the island. Spanish rice and pastas are popular and the now traditional spicier style of foods were introduced to the Puerto Rican culture. After the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the United States took over the island of Puerto Rico. I think the United States has had the greatest impact on the colonization of the Puerto Rican people. When I was in Puerto Rico I noticed that almost all of the people in San Juan, also spoke English as a second language, because of this I was able to meet and socialize with two Puerto Rican teens. While hanging out with the two guys they played a Puerto Rican style rap called Reggatone in their car, which originated from the American style of rap, that has artists like Eminem, Tupac, Dr. Dre, and many ot ...

Free Essays on The Nature Of Instinct

The Nature of Instinct In â€Å"How to Build a Fire† Jack London characterizes a man and his dog traveling a Yukon trail. The man sets off with his dog despite grave warnings from a village elder that traveling at –50 is extremely dangerous. The dog is the stronger and the instinctively smarter character in the story. The dog may not understand the reasoning behind its frailty, but it listens to its instinct non the less. The man with all his worldly knowledge really believes he is above nature, while the dog follows his instincts and out lives the man in the end. The story begins with the man and the dog traveling in to the Yukon at dangerously low levels of temperature. The man knows that it is tremendously cold, but â€Å"it made no impression on the man.† (London 223) The dog â€Å"knew that is was no time for traveling. It’s instinct told it a truer tale than is told to the man by the man’s judgment.† (London 224) This line is a powerful foreshadowing of the terrible events to come. The dog listens to its instinct and feels or sub-consciously knows the danger it faces, while the man believes he is above the danger. â€Å"The dog did not know anything about thermometers. Possibly in the brain there was no sharp consciousness of a condition of very cold such as was in the man’s brain. But the brute had its instinct.† (London 224) The man realizes that there is a possibility that he may fall through the ice; as such he puts the dog in front. After walking for a while the dog falls through the ice a few inches and gets its paws wet. The dog quickly begins to bite the ice from its feet without a real understanding of exactly what it was doing. â€Å"This was a matter of instinct. To permit the ice to remain would mean sore feet. It did not know this. It merely obeyed the mysterious prompting that arose from the deep crypts of its being.† (London 227) The man knows the science of water freezing and the pain of... Free Essays on The Nature Of Instinct Free Essays on The Nature Of Instinct The Nature of Instinct In â€Å"How to Build a Fire† Jack London characterizes a man and his dog traveling a Yukon trail. The man sets off with his dog despite grave warnings from a village elder that traveling at –50 is extremely dangerous. The dog is the stronger and the instinctively smarter character in the story. The dog may not understand the reasoning behind its frailty, but it listens to its instinct non the less. The man with all his worldly knowledge really believes he is above nature, while the dog follows his instincts and out lives the man in the end. The story begins with the man and the dog traveling in to the Yukon at dangerously low levels of temperature. The man knows that it is tremendously cold, but â€Å"it made no impression on the man.† (London 223) The dog â€Å"knew that is was no time for traveling. It’s instinct told it a truer tale than is told to the man by the man’s judgment.† (London 224) This line is a powerful foreshadowing of the terrible events to come. The dog listens to its instinct and feels or sub-consciously knows the danger it faces, while the man believes he is above the danger. â€Å"The dog did not know anything about thermometers. Possibly in the brain there was no sharp consciousness of a condition of very cold such as was in the man’s brain. But the brute had its instinct.† (London 224) The man realizes that there is a possibility that he may fall through the ice; as such he puts the dog in front. After walking for a while the dog falls through the ice a few inches and gets its paws wet. The dog quickly begins to bite the ice from its feet without a real understanding of exactly what it was doing. â€Å"This was a matter of instinct. To permit the ice to remain would mean sore feet. It did not know this. It merely obeyed the mysterious prompting that arose from the deep crypts of its being.† (London 227) The man knows the science of water freezing and the pain of...

Harlem Renaissance and the Civil Rights Movement Essay

Harlem Renaissance and the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example Unfortunately, not everyone knows that the Harlem Renaissance was one of the basic sources of power feeding the rapid expansion of the Civil Rights Movement and decisions in America. It should be noted, that the Harlem Renaissance emerged as a distinct cultural movement somewhere in the 1920s. The origins of the Harlem Renaissance movement could be traced to the Harlem neighborhood in New York City, where black artists, musicians, and art professionals gathered with the goal of changing the nature and history of racism in America. Although the Harlem Renaissance movement came to its end in the 1930s, its cultural and racial equality legacies continued to persist. The Harlem Renaissance produced profound influences in the culture and public consciousness in America and became one of the major drivers of the national Civil Rights Movement. The effects of the Harlem Renaissance period on American culture have been abundantly established. However, different researchers view the relations hip between the Harlem Renaissance and the Civil Rights Movement differently. Professor Richard Powell believes that the Harlem Renaissance affected the politics of the Civil Rights Movement in two different ways. On the one hand, the Harlem Renaissance was, probably, the first time in the history of modern America when black and white intellectuals collaborated towards a common goal (PBS, 1998). The Harlem Renaissance brought black and white artists, intellectuals, educators and social activists together in an attempt to transform the racist and seriously segregated American society (PBS, 1998). The Harlem Renaissance did not eliminate the most outdated racial beliefs and made it easier for social activists to fight against segregation and racial abuse (PBS, 1998). Really, the rapid emergence of African American arts revolutionized the American cultural landscape and transformed the system of race relations in the country (Kramer, 2009). Members of both white and black races worked together to reduce and eliminate racial stereotypes and create a more positive image of African Americans (Kramer, 2009). The discussed cooperation eventually became one of the lasting legacies of the Harlem Renaissance and one of the crucial preconditions for the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement. On the other hand, the Harlem Renaissance changed the nature of political relations and life in America during the 1950s. The Harlem Renaissance resulted in the development of new knowledge about Black Nationalism (PBS, 1998). Marcus Garvey was one of the first political activists of the Harlem Renaissance who developed a set of â€Å"back to Africa† ideas, followed by the ideas of Negroes’ economic and social isolation in the American society and finally to the moment when, for the first time in the history of America, Negroes finally saw themselves as a distinct but not isolated political and cultural community within the United States (PBS, 1998). Professor Jeffrey Stewart adds that the Harlem Renaissance was a unique instrument of creating a positive image of African Americans through the mass media and creative art (PBS, 1998). This is also what Professor William Drummond says: the Harlem Renaissance was the period and the major driver of the rebirth of the Negro people and the creation of the New Negro. By the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans had sufficient knowledge and power to fight for their rights successfully and effectively.

Mobile Banking and Crowdsourcing and Networking Research Paper

Mobile Banking and Crowdsourcing and Networking - Research Paper Example Experts suggest that success rates can be relatively high in the case of smishing attacks. In case of vishing, voice communication is used to obtain unauthorized access to an individual’s account information. In cloning, identity of one mobile phone is copied to another and this practice gives the hacker access to user’s bank account details (Mobile banking overview 2009). Finally, a stolen or lost smartphone may give the victim’s account details to outsiders. In all these cases, the reliability of mobile banking transactions is challenged. B. Admittedly, the development of PDAs, iPads, e-Readers has drastic effects on items like newspapers, paper books, music CDs, and game DVDs. According to a report, the circulation of print newspapers has been alarmingly declining since early turn of the 21st century (The State of the News Media). The same trend is reported in the case of paper books too. Compared to printed newspapers and books, online books and news media are more convenient and cheaper to users today. To illustrate, many of the online books and news channels are available absolutely for free of cost and a user can obtain required information quickly using search options. Similarly, the sale of music CDs and game DVDs has been significantly dropped with the innovation of devices like PDAs and iPads. People can easily and freely download music and game products directly from the internet using those devices. A. While comparing with the traditional marketing, advertising, product testing, and product design with corresponding crowdsourcing based methods, it seems that crowdsourcing constitutes the future of content marketing. â€Å"Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributors from a large group of people and especially the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers† (  Kimbrough, 2013). Since the major aim of every business is to design

Social and Psychological Theories in the depiction of the Wannsee Essay

Social and Psychological Theories in the depiction of the Wannsee meeting in the film Conspiracy - Essay Example "Conspiracy" is a real eye-opener as it opens a whole new load of questions for the viewer. We already know that the Holocaust already happened, but what is really mind-boggling is how is became possible in the first place. How killing 11 million lives could just be a matter of logistics: how much would it cost How to dispose of the bodies And here, we see the machinations of the hands that turn the wheels, so to speak. Now we could try to form an understanding, an attempt to grasp the psychological ruminations of those involved, by explaining their actions through some knows social and psychological principles. For example, what makes it possible for individuals to carry out evil or genocide Whenever a group, with the majority in unison, is involved in a decision-making process, they "tend to stifle dissent because group harmony is the anticipated outcome" (Heffner). In the movie, the men were unanimous in declaring their hatred for Jews. The meeting is also dominated by Reinhard Heydrich, a charismatic man who knows how to manipulate his colleagues, and to stifle any arising objection. Wilhelm Kritzinger, who expressed doubts on the matter of extermination based on moral grounds was merely deprecated. The few men who tried to argue against extreme policies eventually give way to the more dominant consensus. "When we all agree, and are happy with that agreement, we typically do not want to hear opposing arguments" (Heffner). This phenomenon is called "group think" and many aspects of the conference, including the characters' behaviors display this. Here, the individual's mind takes a back seat and the "group mind" takes over. Meanwhile, the principle of Group Polarization happens when a group tends to takes an "extreme position". Fuelling each others' beliefs, they become so hyped-up by and convinced of their positions, that they end up hastily agreeing to an idea without considering other aspects of the debate (Heffner). An example of this happened when the talk of "relocation" to Madagascar turns to "extermination" or the "final solution" while the officials express their hate of and regard for sub-humanity of Jews. Aside from the Holocaust, some examples of "group think" taken to the extremes due to Group Polarization include "lynch mobs, actions of the Ku Klux Klan, discrimination among hate groups, and mass riots" (Heffner). Also, the Nazi officials do not look particularly menacing or murderous, but as a whole, they have managed to put a stamp to the death certificate of an entire race. Fundamentally, the decision theory, "a body of knowledge and related analytical techniques of different degrees o f formality designed to help a decision maker choose among a set of alternatives in light of their possible consequences" ("Decision Theory") which governs groups including that of the Wannsee meeting, is that of "group think" and Group Polarization. It could also be noted that the officers never used the words "killing" or "murder", merely "evacuation" in labor camps with harsh conditions designed for slow and eventual death, those who will survive will be "treated accordingly". This kind of masquerading serves to desensitize them of the reality of what they are actually doing.

Increasing investment attractiveness of CIS countries Research Paper

Increasing investment attractiveness of CIS countries - Research Paper Example As compared to the Baltic and Eastern European nations, the CIS countries experience serious economic crisis and gradual growth in restructuring the productive framework in the respective countries; resulting in the need for increased investments (Shiellis, 2003). The significance of the investments can extend to close the investment gap because of insufficient savings. The external factors that are increased investments include the transfer of managerial skills, technology, processing of information, and a proficient knowledge of sales and marketing.The dissolution of central planning created a market of 100 million consumers in Eastern Europe and 300 million in the successor countries to the USSR. Phyllis says that among the CIS, Russia is having the highest population and several states advocated to embrace the policy of free trade, which permitted imported commodities to meet the local demand. As a result, the imported commodities become wide during the first years of change as t he people used their savings in buying the western goods and services. Due to the economic crisis and escalating inflation rate immediately after the transition, there was a significant decrease in the savings and lowered incomes resulting in the inability for the local consumers to purchase the western products. On the contrary, foreign investors in Eastern Europe privatized the firms from the government and already began to restructure the industries with the objective of increasing the local production.

Condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, fault classification or fiding Dissertation

Condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, fault classification or fiding fault for machenary - Dissertation Example In recent years, there has been a growing trend to introduce more intelligent methods in order to deal with condition monitoring and fault classification for machines (Mills, 2010). The realm of artificial intelligence and its application may be infant as yet but still involves the application of various methods and techniques for achieving desired ends. The current research will look into various artificial intelligence methods that have been applied to the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis for a reciprocating air compressor based on emerging and already developed methods and techniques. 1.2 Artificial IntelligenCe Based Methods It is possible to solicit problems in plant machinery using vibration signals that can be processed to reveal a multitude of information relating to the machine and its components as well as their operation (Wang & Chen, 2011). Given that condition monitoring and diagnosis relies largely on vibration feature analysis, it is important to extract the vi bration signals at every state change that the machine experiences (Lin & Qu, 2000) (Wang & Chen, 2007). Extracting vibration features can often be difficult since the measured vibration patterns tend to contain a large amount of noise that must be filtered out (Wang & Chen, 2011). ... The application of these techniques would allow for both pattern recognition as well as automated fault diagnosis. A number of different researches have been carried out in order to deal with condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of plant machinery that relies on discriminating fault types from a common pool of fault types based on the available vibration data. Theoretically, such an approach may make a lot of sense but practical application of such techniques is hindered by ambiguous diagnosis problems. It is possible that first layer symptoms may be similar for a number of different faults and it is also possible that first layer symptoms may have similar values in different states. The situation is complicated by the fact that there are no definite relationships between symptoms and fault types for plant machinery. The added complexity of plant machinery and the various interacting components means that the overall fault states are enormous to say the least. It is not possible to rely on one or on a number of different symptom parameters that could be utilised to track down faults, supposing that each fault occurs independent of others. This situation is complicated all the more when faults tend to occur simultaneously and the application of theoretical frameworks tends to fail altogether or in large part (Mitoma et al., 2008) (Wang & Chen, 2008). A number of different methods and techniques have been applied in recent researches in order to solicit vibration feature extraction and analysis for accurate and reliable condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. These techniques and methods could be classified as (Wang & Chen, 2011): wavelet transform; rough sets; neural networks; sequential fuzzy inference;

Activity Based Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Activity Based Costing - Essay Example Currently at Stream International, there is no defined way of recruiting and appointing people. Personnel management and conductance of HR activities at Stream International do not follow a charted procedure. As given in the case data, 34 different people conduct HR activities. Due to this, some of the activities like payroll, training etc. get duplicated. For Stream International, costs of human resources hiring, training, development and even allocation of resources is getting duplicated. Jobs are getting redundant because too many people are hiring individuals without any consideration of specific requirements categorized by departmental needs, roles and skills demanded. Controlling and supervision is also getting haywire because employees are not under single leadership. Also, due to excessive hiring by a number of HR people, roles have become ambiguous. Thus, people have outnumbered actual job duties. If number of recruiters at Stream International is large and undefined, recruitment will not be efficient because views and opinions will bound to clash and appropriate candidate would be difficult to find who can fulfill wishes of all. As such, first of all, there has to be made a central recruitment team or division which carefully analyzes manpower requirements of divisions, skills demanded and then hires accordingly. Re-engineering the recruitment process has to be undertaken. While doing so, departmental (Leitner 2004:3) dependencies have to be taken into account. For example, if an employee can undertake two activities of two different divisions, there is no need to hire two separate individuals for both the activities. By identifying people requirements based on departments, salaries, bonuses, incentives, training and development and other expenses can be easily apportioned to the respective business so that costs and

Increasing investment attractiveness of CIS countries Research Paper

Increasing investment attractiveness of CIS countries - Research Paper Example As compared to the Baltic and Eastern European nations, the CIS countries experience serious economic crisis and gradual growth in restructuring the productive framework in the respective countries; resulting in the need for increased investments (Shiellis, 2003). The significance of the investments can extend to close the investment gap because of insufficient savings. The external factors that are increased investments include the transfer of managerial skills, technology, processing of information, and a proficient knowledge of sales and marketing.The dissolution of central planning created a market of 100 million consumers in Eastern Europe and 300 million in the successor countries to the USSR. Phyllis says that among the CIS, Russia is having the highest population and several states advocated to embrace the policy of free trade, which permitted imported commodities to meet the local demand. As a result, the imported commodities become wide during the first years of change as t he people used their savings in buying the western goods and services. Due to the economic crisis and escalating inflation rate immediately after the transition, there was a significant decrease in the savings and lowered incomes resulting in the inability for the local consumers to purchase the western products. On the contrary, foreign investors in Eastern Europe privatized the firms from the government and already began to restructure the industries with the objective of increasing the local production.

Activity Based Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Activity Based Costing - Essay Example Currently at Stream International, there is no defined way of recruiting and appointing people. Personnel management and conductance of HR activities at Stream International do not follow a charted procedure. As given in the case data, 34 different people conduct HR activities. Due to this, some of the activities like payroll, training etc. get duplicated. For Stream International, costs of human resources hiring, training, development and even allocation of resources is getting duplicated. Jobs are getting redundant because too many people are hiring individuals without any consideration of specific requirements categorized by departmental needs, roles and skills demanded. Controlling and supervision is also getting haywire because employees are not under single leadership. Also, due to excessive hiring by a number of HR people, roles have become ambiguous. Thus, people have outnumbered actual job duties. If number of recruiters at Stream International is large and undefined, recruitment will not be efficient because views and opinions will bound to clash and appropriate candidate would be difficult to find who can fulfill wishes of all. As such, first of all, there has to be made a central recruitment team or division which carefully analyzes manpower requirements of divisions, skills demanded and then hires accordingly. Re-engineering the recruitment process has to be undertaken. While doing so, departmental (Leitner 2004:3) dependencies have to be taken into account. For example, if an employee can undertake two activities of two different divisions, there is no need to hire two separate individuals for both the activities. By identifying people requirements based on departments, salaries, bonuses, incentives, training and development and other expenses can be easily apportioned to the respective business so that costs and

Air Pollution Essay Example for Free

Air Pollution Essay The use of automobiles in our society today is as normal as waking up every morning and taking a shower. We are so dependent on the use of automobiles that we could not see ourselves without them, but we might have to start to consider one day not using them. Driving a car is the single most polluting thing that most of us does today or may be this might not be so true anymore. Now this is not a new problem, we have been discussing automobiles causing air pollution for decades, but what is new is the amount of air pollution that is being formed from our automobiles. Since air pollution from automobiles is rapidly increasing people need to learn what we have done in the past to try and change it, what is coming out of our automobiles, have we done all we can to prevent it, or can we do more to help preserve our planet. Now people have been talking about cars and air pollution for years and years, and it may seem as if we are still in the same place we were decades ago, but what most do not know is that we have actually tried and accomplished to decrease it. In 1988 The Clean Air Act was passed. It was to decrease emission levels of Carbon Monoxide and other gases, imposes regulation onto businesses to meet certain limits of pollution output for the products they develop. Within the next several years, the Act’s primary goals were to: 1. Decrease automobile pollution by 60% 2. Decrease industrial plant toxic air emissions by 90%; 3. Supply cleaner gasoline in already –polluted cities; 4. Decrease sulfur dioxide (acid rain) emissions from coal;-burning electrical plants by 50%. In order to meet these limits, automobile manufactures had to try to make significant developments to decrease emissions and increase fuel-efficiency. They are still striving to produce vehicles with emission levels ranging from half the current average car level to zero emissions (Andrew Waterman). Cars do not just sit there on the road and cause air pollution; the emissions from the car while it is running cause it. The problem is, is that we resort to using gasoline for our source of power. When we ordinary gasoline ,which is what we all use when we will up our gas tanks, we are burning cheap, ordinary gasoline that gives off three primary pollutants : Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide(CO), and Nitrogen oxides (NO). These products contribute mostly to smog and the ozone in cities such as Los Angeles, California (Andrew Waterman). Now ozone is not in fuels and/or is it a by-product of combustion, it is formed in the atmosphere through a complex set of chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen, and sunlight. In typical urban areas (like Los Angeles) at least half of those pollutants come from cars, buses, and trucks. This is because it is so populated so the use of automobiles much higher than most other cities, and the cause of that is the city being covered in smog more than 70% of the time (Michael Bright). Now when most people hear the word hydrocarbon, or carbon monoxide, many would say that they do not know what they are or consist of. This is a problem because this is the stuff that is coming out of our Mercedes-Benz, BMWs, and trucks since we all drive those these days. Now hydrocarbon is any of numerous organic compounds, such as benzene and methane that contains only carbon and hydrogen. Now it doesn’t seem like it would be bad, but carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas, CO, formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon or a carbonaceous material, such as gasoline. And Nitrogen Oxides are NOx Chemical compounds of nitrogen and oxygen; produced primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels, they contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Now these three chemicals are the main chemicals that are causing air pollution and the word â€Å"poisonous gas† doesn’t sound like its helping our problem (Answers. com Those three harsh chemicals are not all that effect air pollution, smog is also another huge one. Smog’s unpleasant properties result from the irradiation by sunlight of hydrocarbons caused primarily by unburned gasoline emitted by automobiles and other combustion sources. Smog is created by burning coal and heavy oil that contain sulfur impurities in automobiles, and forms of transportation. The smog consists mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide and fog. Suspended droplets of sulfuric acid are formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and a variety of suspended solid particles. This smog is common during the winter in cities that are highly populated because the use of automobiles is a lot higher than other cities (answers. com) when major cites burned large amounts of heavy oil without control of the output, large-0scale problems were witnessed such as in 1952, even thought it was over 50 years ago, we still have problems due to it, in London, England 4,000 people died. They died as a result of that form of fog A. K. A Smog. Now the problem is better today, heavy oil is burned only in large boilers and with reasonably good control and/or tall smokestacks so that industrial smog is less of a problem, but some major countries still burn large quantities of oil without using adequate controls (Tom Socha). Since we know what is coming out of our automobiles, we should also know that it is affecting our schools, elementary, middle and even high schools, especially those near highways even more. One in three U. S. public schools is in the â€Å"air pollution danger zone†. 30% of American public schools are within 400 meters, or a quarter mile, of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes. The worst part about this study is that it is believed to be the first study of highly populated highways next to schools ever. This basically means that our children have been going to school where air pollution is at its highest, and no one has noticed or done anything about this problem. Major roads play an important role in the economy, but we need to strike a balance between economic and health considerations as we break ground on new areas. † It is almost as if no matter how we try to improve emissions coming out of automobiles, it doesn’t matter because populations keep growing, and major highways keep getting built (Amanda Harper). With the population increase daily and the growth of major highways taking place daily it is hard to imagine that air pollution from automobiles could be decreased. What most do not realize is that it has and is still decreasing. Today’s vehicles are 80 to 99 percent cleaner per mile that vehicles produced in the late 1960’s, even though since 1970, the number of vehicle miles traveled nationwide has increased by 159 percent, from 1. 1 trillion in 1970 to 2. 87 trillion in 2002 ( clean air program reports). Industries have been making significant improvements compared to the 1960’s, when no attempt was made to limit automotive air pollution before that. Even though the number of automobiles on the road is increasing by the year, still the emissions from cars have decreased the production of air pollution. Hydrocarbon emissions are down almost 98% from the 1960’s levels, while Carbon monoxide levels are down 96%, and nitrogen oxides are down 90%. Smog and air qualities levels are changing for the better in most major cities, but not 100%. The pollution from automobiles is actually coming from only a small group of â€Å"grossly polluting†, newer cars, however, as about 10% of cars on the roes are accounting for 50% of all harmful emissions put out by automobiles. Studies now show that, in fact, automobiles are becoming less of the major contributor to air pollution, but yet are still causing a lot of it (Andrew waterman). Though air pollution from cars has decreased by a lot over the last couple of decades, there are still things we can do to decrease it even more. Further exhaust emission controls for vehicles are approaching the limit of technology, and the only way to ensure healthy air is to markedly reduce our use of cars or to switch to cleaner fuels. Some fuels inherently cleaner than gasoline because they emit less nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbons that are less likely to react in the atmosphere to a form of ozone. These fuels include alcohols, electricity, natural gas, and liquid petroleum (propane). Basic changes in the composition of gasoline itself also can reduce emissions of most air toxics. Unless we dramatically reduce the amount of pollution that newer vehicles emit in actual use or drastically cut back on the amount we drive them, smog free is will continue to be non-existent in major cities (Michael bright). At the same time, with government legislation, increasing knowledge of the bigger picture, and the ability to profit from shifts toward less pollution, the harmful effects of emissions could/ will eventually be abandoned due to people wanting cleaner, safer, and more efficient means of gaining energy from nature (Andrew waterman). By every day that passes, automobiles pollute the air, may be not as much as they did decades ago, but they still do. The three major pollutants are hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, which are major reasons as to why air pollution is accruing. Now unless we completely change our form of gasoline or just stop using automobiles than we will keep having air pollution affects us. We now know what we have done in the past to try and change it, what is coming out of our automobiles, have we done all we can to prevent it, and the answer is that we have not done all we can to prevent it, because it we did than there would be no reason to talk about air pollution from automobiles because it would be known existent.