Horse Colic

The term colic refers to pain in the abdomen of horses. It is not a single disease, but is the manifestation of a considerable number of diseases: all of which produce pain, and some of which are potentially deadly. Making a specific diagnosis to determine the actual cause of the colic can be extremely difficult for veterinarians at times. Because of the multitude of possible causes, it is of value to examine several excellent recent research reviews which looked closely at the classification of colics, and at the causative factors, incidence and mortality associated with these diseases. The majority of cases of colic occur due to unknown causes, but are primarily presumed to be associated with intestinal muscle spasm or the accumulation of abnormal amounts of gas in a portion of the intestine. In general, colic results due to the distension of the bowel by ingesta, fluid, gas, or due to a functional impairment of the normal intestinal motility. In more severe cases, abdominal pain may be the result of damage to the intestinal wall by reduced blood supply (ischaemia), inflammation, death of tissue (infarction) or oedema (swelling and increased fluid). The causes of colic can be classified by well recognised pathological categories, including obstruction, strangulation, enteritis/colitis, peritonitis, as well as by the site involved – stomach, small intestine, caecum, large colon, small colon, peritoneum, and other organs including liver, spleen and kidney Rather than simply listing the types of colic which can occur, it is now of value to look at what we do actually know about causes, prevalence and risk factors, as well as strategies to prevent colics. Nathaniel White, DVM, of the Marion Dupont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia, reviewed the risk factors in the USA in 2002, in his publication â€Å"Prevalence, demographics and Risk Factors for Colic, www. ivis. org, with the following comments and observations; Out of 100 horses in the general population, 4-10 cases of colic are expected in one year. About 10-15% of the colics are repeat cases, with some horses having 2-4 colic episodes yearly. Horses that have had a previous colic are three times as likely to have a second colic compared to a horse that has never had colic. Most colic signs were simple colic or ileus (no contractions of the gut) with no specific diagnosis entered in 80-85% of cases. In one study, 30% of horses with colic were identified by owners but never seen by vets because the colic was short lived or resolved by the owner. Studies of colic cases seen by vets reported a predominance of simple obstruction or spasmodic colic. Impaction colics made up about 10% of cases, and obstruction or strangulating diseases requiring surgery made up from 2-4% of cases. Universities report that simple colic and impaction colics are the most commonly reported. When a specific gut location can be identified by veterinarians, the large colon is the most commonly affected, followed by small intestine, caecum and small colon respectively. Diseases which cause strangulation (twisted bowel) have the highest fatality rate- with the large colon torsions being more common than small intestine torsions. Colic is responsible for more deaths in horses than any other disease except old age. In normal farm horse populations, horse mortality from all types of colic was 0. 7 deaths per 100 horse-years, with a colic case fatality rate of 6. 7%. Risk Factors For Colic In some colic cases the cause may be evident, such as in grain overload, but even in these cases, the exact mechanism which initiates the problem is often unknown. By looking at known risk factors we can begin to reduce the incidence by eliminating possible risk factors. There are internal and external risk factors for colic: Breed While no breed is immune to colic, several studies suggest that Arabian horses have more colic episodes, while some other studies suggest that Thoroughbreds have more. Standardbreds and Warmbloods tend to have more inguinal hernias due to the increased size of their inguinal ring. Age Young and older horses appear to be less at risk of simple colic, so middle aged horses are most at risk. Weanlings and yearlings are most likely to suffer ileocaecal intussusceptions. Diet Diet has long been blamed for colic. Course roughage with low digestibility or particularly coarse fibre is observed to cause impaction colic. Grain overload significantly increases the risk of colic and laminitis. Feeds such as lush clover and lush pasture have been implicated in causing bloat. Information on feeding here When investigated by controlled studies, increased amounts of grain, and changes in the type of hay and grain fed during the year both increased the odds of colic compared to horses without grain or changes in feed. One study also reported that daily feeding of concentrate from 2. to 5kg/day and >5kg/day to adult horses increased the risk of colic by 4. 8 and 6. 3 times respectively, compared to horses fed no concentrate. Interestingly, controlled studies confirm that pellet feeds and sweet feeds were associated with an increased risk of colic compared to no grain fed or single grain diets. Grain diets are also known to decrease the water content in the colon contents due to a decrease in fibre which binds to water in the colon. Grain diets are also known to travel through the stomach much more rapidly than fibrous diets. Grain in the diet increases gas production, and is much more likely to produce an environment needed for bloat and intestinal displacements. The horse stomach is relatively small, and is designed to take in small quantities of food often. Horses are herbivores, and naturally spend a large part of the day grazing, continually taking in small quantities of food. When more intensive management, including work and training programs, stabling, and feeding 2-3 times daily, occurs, the normal feeding habits of horses are disrupted to varying degrees. Intensive stabling and work often require higher energy levels in feedstuffs to allow the horse to cope with increased work requirements. The higher energy levels are provided by high grain and concentrate components in the ration, often at the risk of reducing roughage and fibre levels to inadequate volumes. The horse digestive system is designed to utilise roughage and fibre, and any deficiency of fibre will result in digestive disturbances, including colics. It is highly important to continue regular feeding habits of horses, maintaining regular feed volumes and feeding intervals. Do not work horses hard after a full feed. Never give large quantities of food to a horse not accustomed to it. Make feeding changes gradually. Do not allow an overheated horse to drink cold water until it has cooled off sufficiently, or the cold water will almost certainly predispose the horse to colic. Water horses before feeding. Allow access to water again immediately after feeding. Horses prefer clean, fresh water available at all times. A horse will drink anywhere from 22 to 68 litres of water daily, depending on weather conditions, diet and workload. Do not feed horses directly off the ground, especially in sandy or fine gravel regions, as the uptake of sand will predispose horses to sand colics and impactions. Avoid sudden feed changes. These will rapidly induce colic in most horses. Mouldy feeds, such as hay, are potentially deadly to horses, and regularly cause colic. Check hay thoroughly, especially any lush, moist hay which may have been baled while too wet. Never feed mouldy hay to horses. Environment & Management Housing and confinement on farms in the Virginia study were not risk factors for colic. It does however seem logical that changes in diet or feeding routine are associated with risk of colic. Certainly large horse properties report that the routine of feeding grain after being brought in from pasture to stables increases the colic risk – specifically for bloat and displacements. Altering this routine by keeping horses turned out after feeding grain decreases the rate of colic. Similarly, when hay is available to horses on lush pasture, the hay will be consumed as part of the diet and colic rate is decreased. Sand colic and impactions are seen where horses graze on pastures grown on sandy soils, or where horses are forced to eat off the ground with predominantly sand or fine gravel. Previous colic Horses with a history of colic are at higher risk for more colic episodes Parasites Internal parasites are related to increased colic risks in many studies. Gut obstructions due to ascarids in foals, tapeworm related colic and strongyle infections have all been reported as causing colics. Many reports confirm a decrease in colic after controlling small strongyle infections on properties with previously high colic incidences. Tapeworm infestations have been related to increased colic, specifically with colic associated with diseases of the ileum and caecum including increasing the rate of serious intussusception at the ileocaecal region. The general use of ivermectin over the last 20 years has seen a reduction in reports of colic associated with thrombosis of the cranial mesenteric artery due to Strongylus vulgaris larvae. Pregnancy Mares are reported to have a higher risk of colic by colon displacement during late pregnancy and lactation, particularly from 60 to 150 days after foaling. The actual reasons for this are not known, but calcium levels and alterations in diet including increases in energy due to the higher levels of concentrates in the diet to support lactation may be related to the increased risk. Exercise Racehorses, event horses and endurance horses all have an increased risk of gastric ulceration which can be linked to some colic episodes. These horses are often on high grain/low roughage diets which tend to produce gut acidosis and predispose to colics. Transport and Traveling Transport increases the risk of colic in several studies. Many vets commonly administer a laxative to horses prior to transport to prevent colic from impactions. These colics may be due to variations in feeding routine, fluid intake, dehydration, etc. Weather Many veterinarians frequently associate weather changes with increased frequency of colic, but many studies can find no confirmation of this. Prognosis and Strategies to Prevent Colic In a second paper, â€Å"Prognosis and Strategies to Prevent Colic†, Nathaniel White discussed the survival issues with colic cases, stating that predicting survival in horses with colic is often challenging. Any horse which does not respond to initial therapy may be regarded as having a much more serious prognosis. In an effort to assist veterinary practitioners and owners, White attempted to apply previous knowledge of outcomes for specific diseases. Case fatality for specific colic diseases varies from a few deaths in cases of simple colic to as much as 75% in some forms of strangulated intestine. Simple obstructions of the large colon such as displacements and impactions have low fatality rates (

Pros and Cons in Teenage Pregnancy

How to prevent teen pregnancy has been a question for many years. Many people take having a baby as a joke. Getting pregnant and having a child involves many prose and cons. In the prevention of teen pregnancy there are many things that can be helpful. There are also other helpful ways to prevent teen pregnancy, such as sex education and birth control. All of these things are essential in the prevention of teen pregnancy. Refraining from sexual activities is a great way to prevent teen pregnancy, and the risk of getting a disease. In the past years less sex and more condoms use has meant lower rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. Most teens have sex because of their friends being sexually active. The percentage of sexually active males declined from 57.4 percent to 48.8 percent, essentially erasing the gender gap. A National Survey of Family Growth stated that teens are having less sex. Avoiding sex and learning more about sex are good ways to assure your knowledge and decrease teen pregnancy. Traditionally children have received information about sexuality from their parents, church, friends, their doctors, and many other people. Many young teens learn about their bodies first. Many people believe that sex education being taught in schools assures children of correct and complete information about sexuality. Sex education starts in the primaries and continues through the secondary school. At the primary school stage, sex education teaches children about their bodies and attempts to promote a whole attitude towards the self-development process. During these years teachers attempt to correct any false ideas children may have learned about sex. At the beginning of secondary school teachers try to prepare students for puberty. For example, the children learn about nocturnal emissions, menstruation and changes that will take place in their bodies, they also learn and study reproduction. Further up the school, most young adult†s interest in sex increases, so they learn more about responsibility, and having relationships between members of the opposite sex. In secondary school, pupils learn more about the social and psychological aspects of sexuality. Many other subjects come up at this time in a teenager†s life, such as marriage, abortion, homosexuality, birth control, and other topics. Sex education is very importance to the teenage generation. Birth control is the control of birth or of childbearing by deliberate measures to control or prevent conception, contraception. An understanding of birth control requires some knowledge of human reproduction. Sexually, coming from a man millions of sperm are released into the woman's vagina. If an egg is there sperm travelling through a woman's fallopian tube will be fertilised by the sperm. Most birth control methods are made to prevent contraceptives. The most effective contraceptive method is surgical sterilisation. In many developing nations hormone drugs are injected into the body. Studies show that those methods are becoming effective, because the teenage pregnancy rate has dropped by 11%. Birth control is important to teenagers, and they should be used if a teen should become sexually active. Parents should remember to teach their children about birth control always, just in case a teenager should become curious and decide to have sex. In conclusion a teen pregnancy has a hard effect on society, in many ways. Most teen pregnancies were not planned. Surveys say about 65% of teen pregnancy's were not even discussed with their sexual partners. All of the other percentage of teen pregnancy's were not planned either, but it had been discussed with the teenagers sexual partner at some point in time. Most teenagers begin having sex without knowing the consequences. Teenagers need to take responsibility and remember to keep safe, because there are various ways to prevent teen pregnancy, for example abstinence, sex education, and various types of birth control.

Career Goals : A Hospital Executive Director

When hiring a CEO for the hospital, it is imperative that the board’s selection process contains depth. To add additional depth to Mr. Bain’s selection process, I will submit to the board that we should implement additional screening measures. First, thorough reference checks would augment the board’s efforts towards determining if Mr. Bain is the ideal CEO candidate for the hospital. Second, an exhaustive background check is critical to ensure Mr. Bain’s history is conducive with the hospital’s†¦ office or the hospital for a simple sonogram and wondered wow that’s really cool? Have you ever been so fascinated with the entire experience that you wanted to research and find out more information? Or, maybe you weren’t fascinated at all because you didn’t understand the process and what was going on. Well, I have been on both sides of the fence and the more information that I can find the more fascinated I am. I look forward to sharing it all with you as well as my future career goals. Throughout†¦ Career Goal Rough Draft My overall goal is to become a RN while obtaining my BSN and have a career at in the neonatal or pediatric field. I believe time management, hard work, dedication and the desire to succeed are important keys to success. My 3 goals to reach to accomplish my overall goal are to obtain my associate degree in nursing at TCC, seek and gain employment at a hospital and finally to apply and complete the RN-BSN program at UTA. My first goal, obtain associate degree in nursing at†¦ Kate Guzman, RN, MS, is the Associate Director of the Corner Health Center in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Originally a small clinic in the corner of a local high school, the Corner is now a freestanding school-linked health center, serving adolescents ages 12-25 and offers a full range of primary health care, mental health and supportive services. The Corner’s mission is to help young people make healthy choices now and in the future by providing high-quality primary health care, education and support for†¦ would have been my highest goal and accomplishment. That was two years ago, my current goals and ambitions are to not only attend UCLA but to graduate Nursing school with at least my masters in nursing. I realized settling for third best or even second best was not good enough anymore, in order to excel in college and perform my best in my undergraduates study I need to be determined, focused, and goal oriented. Getting into UCLA and into the nursing school are not just goals to me that seem so far†¦ effective manner to solve problems and meet goals. Now, to be a good leader you need leadership training as well as an organization that allows you to use resources as effectively and efficiently as need be and to trust you to make good decisions regarding conflict, ethical VS. unethical behaviors, and workplace politics. To complete this leadership interview so I could better understand leadership in management I interviewed Virginia Wood, the executive director at the Brennity of Melbourne, a retirement†¦ medical field. I have planned for this career since I was a little girl. My mother started talking to me about college when I was in elementary school. I can remember sitting in the back seat as she drove, and I listened to her talk about me going to college. College was always on my mind. As I grew older we went from discussing going to college to what I wanted my career to be. I’ve laid out the steps that will get me to my educational and career goal dreams. In junior high my dad was in a†¦ NIGHTINGALE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR CURRENT COMPLIANCE STATUS FOR INFECTION CONTROL STANDARDS UNDER JAHCO. May 07, 2011 Nightingale Community Hospital Mission Nightingale Community Hospital provides professional care that ensures total security and satisfaction to those who wish to benefit from our care. Out of concern†¦ Good Evening, Thanks, Ken. I’m Ben Stahl, the Interim Executive Director of Veterans Leadership Program of Western Pennsylvania. Tonight we are here to pay Tribute to our nation 's Veterans. This event brings together Veterans from all generations to not only to share that which we have in common, but also to celebrate those whose accomplishments demand recognition, and to honor those whose sacrifices to our nation we must hold sacred. Growing up in the Mon Valley in the 1980’s, I have witnessed†¦ â€Å"Knowledge is power. You can 't begin a career, for that matter even a relationship, unless you know everything there is to know about it.†-Randeep. My personal career goal was decision that I had to critically think about. They are many career options that you can choose from and it can be hard to narrow it down to the one that best suit to your talent. With that being said, I have decided that my career goal is to be a marketing manager which are responsible for managing marketing, advertising†¦

Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Keystone XL Pipeline - Essay Example Despite the probable environmental impact it acts as the best safe alternative for shipping oil sands crude. Apart from its probable impact on the environment, the project bears major impact on the economy thereby making it a subject to economic debaters. Major economic impacts include effect on the cash flows and job claims. An analysis on the economic and environmental impacts of the project makes it less feasible for implementation. The following are the pros and cons associated. The Keystone XL provides a safer alternative for transporting sands crude thereby making the proposers to conclude on the environmental friendliness. Even though many environmentalist have argued against the environmental friendliness of the project, the study done by the State Department shows that it is better to have the project that the environmental significance of the project are far more valuable than when it is rejected. Whether in the absence or presence of the Keystone XL, there still will be higher production of the oil sands. This implies that there would be need for a railway to transport the crude oil in case the Keystone pipeline is not built. Considering the far much impacts which could transpire because of the recent high profile crude-by-rail accidents, Keystone XL is the most suitable alternative for transporting oils sands with lesser impacts on the environment. Intuitively, there is need to build the pipeline since it assures of reducing the environmental impact s which could result from use of railway (Chang, 9). Economically, the project proves viable in increasing the cash flows of the national economy and the overall number of investors in the country. Usually, pipeline is a source of steady and stable cash flows as compare to any other means of transport. In this case, a country has to consider the volume of oil to be transported and the immediate returns from the project. For the TRP, the owners of the

Pap smear recommendations 2012 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pap smear recommendations 2012 - Research Paper Example This helps the doctor in examining the cervix and the vagina. It collects some cells and some mucus from the cervix and the surrounding area and then the cells are placed in a bottle of liquid or on a slide. The collected cells are then sent to a laboratory so as to be checked whether they are normal. At the same time, the doctor can as well carry out a pelvic exam by checking the woman’s ovaries, uterus plus the other organs to ensure that there are no problems with them. The Pap test which screens for cervical cancer may be one of the best and reliable available cancer screening tests (Bartlett, p, 34) The Pap test only screens for cervical cancer while it does not screen for uterine, ovarian, valve or vaginal cancers. It can take up to three weeks before a woman receive her Pap test results. If anything abnormal is observed, the doctor can conduct the associated and finger out the best way of making the follow up. If the pap test are not normal, this does not mean that she has cancer but if the tests show that the test is not normal and may result to cancer, the doctor can advice the woman on the measures taken for its treatment so as to prevent it from developing. It is the best option for a woman to make follow ups with her doctor to learn more about her test results and the treatment that may be required. Women should get pap tests after every three years at the ages of between 21 and 29 years. For women of 30 years and above who had three normal pap tests each year may be tested less often for every two or three years. The combination of the Pap test and the HPV is the most preferred plan for women over thirty years. Screening is on the other hand not preferred for women of age 65 or older who have had the Pap test three times in a row and have been found with no pap abnormality tests for the last ten tears. Women with the normal Pap test result and a positive HPV test result should

Online shopping players Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online shopping players - Case Study Example This is to ensure that the goods arrive when and where the customers need them. There are three online stores focusing on the above factors for marketing their merchandise; they are the focus of this paper. Lane Crawford deals with fashion items. The website is very easy to navigate through. The very first tabs are ‘Women’, ‘Men’, ‘Lifestyle & Gifts’, and ‘Discover’ in that order. Anyone looking for designer clothes and fashion accessories for women just needs to click the first tab and several options are shown. The individual can click on the various designer brands or select the shoes, clothing, bags, and other accessories they need. The business offers free international delivery. In Net A Porter, the second online marketplace for high-end fashion products, the statement â€Å"The world’s premier online luxury fashion destination† meets the customer. Like in Lane Crawford, navigating through this website is quite easy too. The main difference, however, is that the options are more in Net A Porter. The very first tabs contain the items ‘Sale’, ‘What’s New’, ‘Designers’, ‘Clothing’, ‘Bags’, ‘Shoes’, ‘Accessories’, ‘Lingerie’, ‘Sport’, ‘Beauty’, ‘Gifts’, ‘Magazines’ in that order. Such neat layout of items is what makes it easy for customers to reach for whatever they are looking for. After clicking on say bags, a few items will present the customer but they can also go ahead and select the type of the bags they need or even the designer of the bag from a list of options on the left hand side of the items. Luisaviaroma is another luxury shop. The layout is quite similar to those of the above shops only that there is a slideshow of photos showing individuals wearing custom made attires. Nonetheless, the very first tabs are ‘Men’, ‘Women’, ‘Kids’, ‘Home’, ‘Designers’, and ‘Sale’ in that order. While this presents an easy way to navigate

Brickman Vending Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brickman Vending Services - Essay Example The sole trader structure also provides opportunities for claiming taxation advantages associated with business losses. This structure also provides advantages related to the capital gains tax, the sole trader is eligible by law to claim a 50% CGT reduction and the ability to write off expenses for a vehicle utilised for business purposes (Quinn Group 2012). The vending industry in the United Kingdom is valued at ?1.94 billion and there are currently 468,000 refreshment vending machines operating in the country (Research and Markets 2010). In most UK households, vending machine product purchases are representative of approximately 1.9 percent of total household spending on food (Research and Markets 2010). The statistics on the UK vending sales industry are highly favourable for ensuring profitability and revenue growth. Furthermore, total household expenditures on food for families in the UK increased by 5.3 percent in 2010 (Report Buyer 2011). In all respects, the vending industry in the UK represents a very auspicious opportunity for ensuring success of the start-up venture. 2.0 Mission and objectives The mission of Brickman Vending Services is distinctly customer-centric: Brickman Vending Services strives to provide a range of products that focus on serving the lifestyle needs of customers in the United Kingdom. From professionals to busy, on-the-go customers, Brickman Vending provides modernised service delivery and diversity of product for our valued buyers. The business maintains three distinct objectives achievable during the first year of operations. 1. Establish brand recognition for the business to establish a competitive brand presence. 2. Gain five percent of market share in the vending industry in the UK 3. Build market loyalty in the commercial business-to-business environment. 3.0 External market analyses There are approximately 300 vending competitors operating machines in the London region, where Brickman Vending Services will initially launch its vending business. Major competitors include Academy Beverage Company, Amazing Beveridge Company, Evend Ltd. and LTT Vending (Vendingmachine.co.uk 2013). This is representative of only the largest and most recognised vending companies in the London area. Despite the saturated market environment, there are opportunities associated with brand development for Brickman Vending that can serve to outperform the competitive reputations of major rivals. None of the aforementioned competitors maintain a strong brand in the UK, known largely by contractual experience in the commercial sales environment. The business model of vending services is easily replicable by competitors, in relation to the established vending supply network in the UK and the non-differentiated aspects of food products available in vending machines. Nandan (2005) indicates that the only genuine, tangible asset that cannot easily be copied by competition is the brand. After scanning the external competitive environme nt, a lack of brand presence by major competition is advantageous for building a consumer-centric brand personality that can be recalled by customers as a means of differentiating Brickman Vending from competitors. Thompson, Gamble and Strickland (2005) offer the work of Michael Porter regarding the external market characteristics that either serve to improve business position or

Advertising and Marketing of Audi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising and Marketing of Audi - Essay Example This essay "Advertising and Marketing of Audi" outlines advertisement campaign of this carmaker and its peculiarities. Continued survival of Audi in the international market and even protection of its image and brand name in the highly competitive global could definitely attributes to its exceptional advertising and marketing techniques and not traditional big names inferred for German cars. To begin with, Audi has been involving in direct confrontation with its immediate class competitor, which is BMW. The most latest direct confrontation involved of Audi and BMW appeared in an advertisement intended to familiarize a new Audi A4. In this billboard advertisement, Audi used the words â€Å"Your Move, BMW† that directly targeted to warn BMW that its perceived dominance in the class was under check. BMW countered this advertisement in a very offensive manner that later triggered another direct reply from Audi upon the introduction of the exotic R8 brand . The billboard for this a dvertisement was immediately beside that of the BMW with phrase, â€Å"Your pawn is no match for our king.† The possible intention of such an advertisement was to lower the actual status of advertised BMW car portrayed in the advertisement. This kind of advertisement seemed very aggressive thus proving to the public about the increasing command gained by Audi in the local market. Audi has also adopted an advertisement technique relating to the currently widespread technology. For instance, Audi has sought collaboration with the expensive and classy iPhone. In the collaboration, Audi created a car game a free game name the A4 driving challenge 2.0 installed in the iPhone. This advertisement created perception of the Audi A4 as a special car for the rich and wealthy individuals. According to Audi zone this advertisement portrayed Audi as the very first automobile company to exploit, the special features of iPhone that particularly targeted scientifically oriented customers. Audi zone also points at the newly developed online advertisement website cliqued â€Å"Meet the Beckers.†3 This website particularly intends and targets rich families who own Audi cars. The advertisement exists in two episodes that launch direct attack against the competitors of Audi. One of the episodes in this

Comparison of UK's economic performance with that of Germany for the Essay

Comparison of UK's economic performance with that of Germany for the years 2006-2010 - Essay Example According to the Office of national statistics, UK officially entered into economic recession in 2008, the first time in its history. As a result, the rate of unemployment among the youths rose by 5.4% (ONS, 2011, 41). However, this recession was officially reported to have ended on 26th January, 2010. By May 2010, its economic growth rate was reported to be 0.4%, and 1.2% by the second quarter (ONS. 2011, pg 32). For the last 5 years, the economic indices have been reported to be as follows; Table 1; Changes in UK’s GDP between 2006 and 2010 Year GDP (billions of GBP) GDP change (%) 2006 2.9 2007 2.6 2008 1,448 0.6 2009 1’396 -4.9 2010 1.7 Source: ONS Statistics As the table illustrates, the GDP was worst in 2008 and 2009 because of the economic recession. However, a positive change was realized in 2010. Economy of Germany The economy of Germany is the largest economy in Europe. In the world, it is the fourth largest in terms of nominal GDP, second according to PPT, it is fifth. It is second in world’s exporter, accounting for approximately $1.120trillin in its economy (ONS, 2011, 13). About a third of its national output is realized from exports, thus making its balance of payment favorable, compared to that of UK that is normally characterized by deficits. The service sector accounts for about 70%, industry 29.1%, and 0.9% in the agricultural sector of its total GDP (IMF, 2009, pg 321). Most of its products are from engineering, for an example automobile, chemicals, metals and machinery. In December 2010, German’s unemployment rate was found to be 6.1%, lower than that of UK’s 7.8% (Boyes, 2007, pg 65). In Germany, the lowest growth figures of... The essay is the best example of comparison of German and UK economic performances. These two countries have diverse and strong national economies. UK’s economy is the sixth largest world economy in terms of nominal GDP, and seventh in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. In Europe, it is the third largest in terms of PPT after Germany. The economy of Germany is the largest economy in Europe. In the world, it is the fourth largest in terms of nominal GDP. In 2007, the annual growth rate for UK was at an average of 2.68%, according to the IMF (2009, pg 321). Growth in its financial sector contributed a larger economic part, but this declined in 2008 when it suddenly entered into a recession due to the global financial crisis. This began with the Northern Rock’s collapsing and being taken over into public ownership in February the same year. On the other hand, other banks were also nationalized. Such banks included Royal Bank of Scotland Group, According to the Office of national statistics, UK officially entered into economic recession in 2008, the first time in its history. As a result, the rate of unemployment among the youths rose by 5.4% About a third of the German national output is realized from exports, thus making its balance of payment favorable, compared to that of UK that is normally characterized by deficits. The service sector accounts for about 70%, industry 29.1%, and 0.9% in the agricultural sector of its total GDP In December 2010, German’s unemployment rate was found to be 6.1%, lower than that of UK’s 7.8% In EU, the car industry is oligopolistic, rather than perfectly competitive Germany is the largest motor vehicle producer in EU, and it has become very hard for competitors from other regions to compete with its firms. the fact that the firms have captured reasonable market shares in their respective location has made it hard for other competitors to penetrate and survive in their markets